Abstract
Increasing scarcity of good quality water in many arid and semi-arid regions necessitates the use of poor quality groundwater for irrigation. Soil degradation resulting from alkali water irrigation has become a serious threat to soil health. In the present study, we conducted an investigation (2021-22) on the physicochemical properties (soil organic carbon, available Na, and available K) of sandy loam soil under a semi-controlled lysimeter. Wheat was grown as an experimental crop, which was irrigated with synthetic alkali waters having similar salts (total electrolyte concentration, TEC = 30 me L−1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SARiw 10 mmol L−1) but varying in residual sodium carbonate (RSC) are being continuously applied since 2004 (20 years). Five types of irrigation water having different levels of residual sodium carbonate comprised. (T1) best available groundwater, (T2) residual sodium carbonate water 1 (RSC- 5 me L–1), (T3) RSC water 2 (RSC 10 me L–1), (T4) RSC water 3 [RSC 10 treated with gypsum (RSC 10 neutralized to RSC 5 me L–1 with gypsum)] and (T5) RSC water 4 [RSC 10 treated with sulphur (RSC 10 neutralized to RSC 5 me L–1 with sulphur)]. Soil samples were collected after harvesting two wheat varieties (KRL 210 and HD 3226). Long-term irrigations with alkali water increased the available Na and K in the soil. Furthermore, soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased significantly with increasing alkalinity of irrigation water. Continuous irrigation with alkali water reduced grain yield of wheat by 31.7% over BAW. Moreover, the addition of gypsum and sulphuric acid has shown some capacity to partially restore soil properties, although not to the level of BAW. The majority of soil parameters under both crop cultivars showed a similar trend. The study's findings led to the conclusion that continuous applications of alkali water drastically degrade soil physicochemical properties. Partial neutralization of alkali water did not allow for the sustained existence of soil physicochemical properties. Consequently, it is recommended that the rate at which amendments are added to alkali water be adjusted to restore the decline in soil physicochemical properties.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term alkali-water irrigation increased soil available sodium.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- alkali watere0
- Outcome
- available Na and K in the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long-term irrigations with alkali water increased the available Na and K in the soil.”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon decreased significantly with increasing irrigation-water alkalinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing alkalinity of irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased significantly with increasing alkalinity of irrigation water.”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous alkali-water irrigation reduced wheat grain yield by 31.7% against BAW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- alkali watere0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 31.7%e0
- Comparator
- BAWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous irrigation with alkali water reduced grain yield of wheat by 31.7% over BAW.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum addition partially restored soil properties, below BAW levels.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- soil propertiese0
- Direction
- partially restoree0
- Comparator
- BAWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of gypsum and sulphuric acid has shown some capacity to partially restore soil properties, although not to the level of BAW.”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphuric acid addition partially restored soil properties, below BAW levels.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulphuric acide0
- Outcome
- soil propertiese0
- Direction
- partially restoree0
- Comparator
- BAWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of gypsum and sulphuric acid has shown some capacity to partially restore soil properties, although not to the level of BAW.”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Most soil parameters followed a similar trend under the two wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil parameterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The majority of soil parameters under both crop cultivars showed a similar trend.”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend adjusting amendment rates in alkali water to restore declining soil properties.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- rate at which amendments are added to alkali water be adjustede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is recommended that the rate at which amendments are added to alkali water be adjusted to restore the decline in soil physicochemical properties.”
t0“Wheat Yield”
The same questions in other papers
alkalinity · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.