Abstract
Abstract Nanoparticles are promising alternatives to synthetic fertilizers in the context of climate change and sustainable agriculture. Maize plants were grown under gradient concentrations (50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM, 500 μM, and 1 mM) of chitosan (Ch), fulvic acid (FA) or chitosan‐fulvic acid nanoparticles (Ch‐FANPs). Based on the overall phenotypic assessment, 100 μM was selected for downstream experiments. Maize plants grown under this optimized concentration were thereafter subjected to drought stress by water withholding for 14 days. Compared to the individual performances, the combined treatment of Ch‐FANPs supported the best plant growth over chitosan, fulvic acid, or sole watered plants and alleviated the adverse effects of drought by enhancing root and shoot growth, and biomass by an average 20%. In addition, Ch‐FANPs‐treated plants exhibited a significant reduction in hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content (~10%), with a concomitant increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity (>100%) while showing a reduced lipid peroxidation level observed by the decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content (~100%) and low electrolyte leakage level. Furthermore, chlorophyll content increased significantly (>100%) in maize plants treated with Ch‐FANPs compared to Ch or FA and control in response to drought. The expression of drought‐induced transcription factors, ZmDREB1A , ZmbZIP1 , and ZmNAC28 , and the ABA‐dependent ZmCIPK3 was upregulated by Ch‐FANPs. Owing to the above, Ch‐FANPs are proposed as a growth‐promoting agent and elicitor of drought tolerance in maize via activation of antioxidant machinery and transcriptional reprogramming of drought‐related genes.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM was selected as the best concentration for later maize experiments.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on the overall phenotypic assessment, 100 μM was selected for downstream experiments.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, Ch-FANPs enhanced maize root and shoot growth and biomass by an average 20% compared with single components or watered plants.
- Treatment
- Ch‐FANPse0
- Outcome
- root and shoot growth, and biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- droughte0
- Comparator
- chitosan, fulvic acid, or sole watered plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the individual performances, the combined treatment of Ch‐FANPs supported the best plant growth over chitosan, fulvic acid, or sole watered plants and alleviated the adverse effects of drought by enhancing root and shoot growth, and biomass by an average 20%.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ch-FANPs significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide content by about 10%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch‐FANPs‐treated plants exhibited a significant reduction in hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content (~10%)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ch-FANPs increased ascorbate peroxidase activity by more than 100%.
- Treatment
- Chitosan‐fulvic acid nanoparticlest0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- >100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity (>100%)”
t0“Chitosan‐fulvic acid nanoparticles enhance drought tolerance in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ch-FANPs reduced malondialdehyde content by about 100%.
- Treatment
- Chitosan‐fulvic acid nanoparticlest0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- ~100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content (~100%)”
t0“Chitosan‐fulvic acid nanoparticles enhance drought tolerance in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ch-FANPs produced low electrolyte leakage in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low electrolyte leakage level”
t0“Chitosan‐fulvic acid nanoparticles enhance drought tolerance in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ch-FANPs significantly increased chlorophyll content by more than 100% compared with Ch, FA and control during drought.
- Treatment
- Ch‐FANPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- >100%e0
- Qualifier
- droughte0
- Comparator
- Ch or FA and controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll content increased significantly (>100%) in maize plants treated with Ch‐FANPs compared to Ch or FA and control in response to drought.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ch-FANPs upregulated ZmDREB1A, ZmbZIP1 and ZmNAC28 expression.
- Treatment
- Ch‐FANPse0
- Gene
- ZmDREB1A , ZmbZIP1 , and ZmNAC28e0
- Outcome
- expression of drought‐induced transcription factorse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of drought‐induced transcription factors, ZmDREB1A , ZmbZIP1 , and ZmNAC28 , and the ABA‐dependent ZmCIPK3 was upregulated by Ch‐FANPs.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ch-FANPs upregulated expression of ABA-dependent ZmCIPK3.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ABA‐dependent ZmCIPK3 was upregulated by Ch‐FANPs”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose Ch-FANPs to promote maize growth and drought tolerance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch‐FANPs are proposed as a growth‐promoting agent and elicitor of drought tolerance in maize”
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