Abstract
The present study was mainly aimed to study the effect of air pollution on the morphological and anatomical characteristics of leaf of 6 common plant species viz., Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica and Nerium oleander from different location of Kathmandu Valley. Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site. Results also showed that the overall reduction % in leaf length, width and area during different seasons at heavily polluted sites with respect to those of less polluted sites were found maximum during post monsoon than in pre-monsoon. Results also interpreted that maximum reduction in leaf length (25. and leaf width(18.62%) was recorded in E. pulchirrima, and leaf area (28%) was recorded in L. indica.; while minimum decrease in leaf length (7.58%) in N. oleander and width(11.3%) as well as area (13.90%) in C. citrinus. was recorded. Likewise, the highest stomatal index (20.58%) and number of epidermal cells (30.4) were recorded in Lagerstroemia indica; while highest stomatal density (134.8mm-2) and number of clogged stomata (8.33mm-2) was recorded in Bougainvillea glabra and Nerium oleander respectively. Results further indicated that as the plants get ages, the reduction % of various leaf attributes of polluted plants also increased as compared with less polluted plant species. This could be mainly due to maximum exposure of plants to air pollutants come from various auto emission sources. This study showed that plants generally respond to air pollution with reduction in foliar features and the response is species specific.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Bougainvillea glabra had significantly reduced leaf length, width and area at polluted sites versus non-polluted sites.
- Taxon
- Bougainvillea glabra
_una_especie_de_planta_trepadora_de_la_familia_de_las_Nyctaginaceae_(sobre_Ruta_Provincial_7%2C_municipio_de_Ruiz_de_Montoya%2C_Provincia_de_Misiones%2C_Rep%C3%BAblica_Argentina).jpg?width=60)
Bougainvillea glabrae0 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Outcome
- leaf length, width, and areae1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- non-polluted sitee1
- Setting
- Kathmandu Valleyt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_una_especie_de_planta_trepadora_de_la_familia_de_las_Nyctaginaceae_(sobre_Ruta_Provincial_7%2C_municipio_de_Ruiz_de_Montoya%2C_Provincia_de_Misiones%2C_Rep%C3%BAblica_Argentina).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica and Nerium oleander”
e1“Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site.”
t0“Kathmandu Valley”
Claim · model-written summary
Callistemon citrinus had significantly reduced leaf length, width and area at polluted sites versus non-polluted sites.
- Taxon
- Callistemon citrinus
Melaleuca citrinae0 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Outcome
- leaf length, width, and areae1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- non-polluted sitee1
- Setting
- Kathmandu Valleyt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica and Nerium oleander”
e1“Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site.”
t0“Kathmandu Valley”
Claim · model-written summary
Euphorbia pulcherrima had significantly reduced leaf length, width and area at polluted sites versus non-polluted sites.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia pulcherrima
_04.jpg?width=60)
Euphorbia pulcherrimae0 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Outcome
- leaf length, width, and areae1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- non-polluted sitee1
- Setting
- Kathmandu Valleyt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_04.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica and Nerium oleander”
e1“Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site.”
t0“Kathmandu Valley”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasminum mesnyi had significantly reduced leaf length, width and area at polluted sites versus non-polluted sites.
- Taxon
- Jasminum mesnyi
Jasminum mesnyie0 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Outcome
- leaf length, width, and areae1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- non-polluted sitee1
- Setting
- Kathmandu Valleyt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica and Nerium oleander”
e1“Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site.”
t0“Kathmandu Valley”
Claim · model-written summary
Lagerstroemia indica had significantly reduced leaf length, width and area at polluted sites versus non-polluted sites.
- Taxon
- Lagerstroemia indica
_em_um_fim_de_tarde_em_Bag%C3%A9-RS.jpg?width=60)
Lagerstroemia indicae0 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Outcome
- leaf length, width, and areae1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- non-polluted sitee1
- Setting
- Kathmandu Valleyt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_em_um_fim_de_tarde_em_Bag%C3%A9-RS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica and Nerium oleander”
e1“Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site.”
t0“Kathmandu Valley”
Claim · model-written summary
Nerium oleander had significantly reduced leaf length, width and area at polluted sites versus non-polluted sites.
- Taxon
- Nerium oleander
Nerium oleandere0 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Outcome
- leaf length, width, and areae1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- non-polluted sitee1
- Setting
- Kathmandu Valleyt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica and Nerium oleander”
e1“Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site.”
t0“Kathmandu Valley”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf length, width and area reductions at heavily polluted sites were greatest after the monsoon.
Verbatim
e0“the overall reduction % in leaf length, width and area during different seasons at heavily polluted sites with respect to those of less polluted sites were found maximum during post monsoon than in pre-monsoon”
e1“Bougainvillea glabra, Callistemon citrinus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica and Nerium oleander”
e2“Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site.”
Claim · model-written summary
E. pulchirrima had the greatest leaf length reduction at polluted sites.
Verbatim
e0“maximum reduction in leaf length (25. and leaf width(18.62%) was recorded in E. pulchirrima”
e1“Results showed that all plant species exhibited significant (p<0.05) reduction at polluted site in their leaf length, width, and area when compared with the same plant species of non-polluted site.”
Claim · model-written summary
E. pulchirrima had the greatest leaf width reduction, 18.62%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum reduction in leaf length (25. and leaf width(18.62%) was recorded in E. pulchirrima”
Claim · model-written summary
L. indica had the greatest leaf area reduction, 28%.
- Taxon
- L. indicaLagerstroemia indicae0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area (28%) was recorded in L. indica.; while minimum decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
N. oleander had the smallest leaf length decrease, 7.58%.
- Taxon
- N. oleanderNerium oleandere0
- Outcome
- leaf lengthe0
- Direction
- minimum decreasee0
- Value
- 7.58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum decrease in leaf length (7.58%) in N. oleander”
Claim · model-written summary
C. citrinus had the smallest leaf width decrease, 11.3%.
- Taxon
- C. citrinusMelaleuca citrinae0
- Outcome
- widthe0
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 11.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“width(11.3%) as well as area (13.90%) in C. citrinus”
e1“minimum decrease in leaf length (7.58%) in N. oleander and width(11.3%) as well as area (13.90%) in C. citrinus”
Claim · model-written summary
C. citrinus had the smallest leaf area decrease, 13.90%.
- Taxon
- C. citrinusMelaleuca citrinae0
- Outcome
- areae0
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 13.90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“width(11.3%) as well as area (13.90%) in C. citrinus”
e1“minimum decrease in leaf length (7.58%) in N. oleander and width(11.3%) as well as area (13.90%) in C. citrinus”
Claim · model-written summary
Lagerstroemia indica had the highest stomatal index, 20.58%.
- Taxon
- Lagerstroemia indicaLagerstroemia indicae0
- Outcome
- stomatal indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 20.58%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest stomatal index (20.58%) and number of epidermal cells (30.4) were recorded in Lagerstroemia indica”
Claim · model-written summary
Lagerstroemia indica had the highest epidermal cell count, 30.4.
- Taxon
- Lagerstroemia indicaLagerstroemia indicae0
- Outcome
- number of epidermal cellse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 30.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest stomatal index (20.58%) and number of epidermal cells (30.4) were recorded in Lagerstroemia indica”
Claim · model-written summary
Bougainvillea glabra had the highest stomatal density, 134.8mm-2.
- Taxon
- Bougainvillea glabraBougainvillea glabrae0
- Outcome
- stomatal densitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 134.8mm-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest stomatal density (134.8mm-2) and number of clogged stomata (8.33mm-2) was recorded in Bougainvillea glabra and Nerium oleander respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nerium oleander had the highest number of clogged stomata, 8.33mm-2.
- Taxon
- Nerium oleanderNerium oleandere0
- Outcome
- number of clogged stomatae0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.33mm-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest stomatal density (134.8mm-2) and number of clogged stomata (8.33mm-2) was recorded in Bougainvillea glabra and Nerium oleander respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in leaf attributes at polluted sites increased as plants aged.
Verbatim
e0“as the plants get ages, the reduction % of various leaf attributes of polluted plants also increased as compared with less polluted plant species”