Abstract
The deteriorating state of soil fertility and low agricultural productivity in Ethiopia can be traced to the lack of equivalent consideration given to the soil's biological, chemical, and physical properties. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of mixed manure and blended nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and boron (NPSB) fertilizer on phosphorus adsorption, and other properties of Vertisols, nutrient uptake, and growth performance of maize. The study findings indicate that the combined application of mixed manure and blended NPSB significantly reduced soil pH from 7.87 to 7.68, phosphorus adsorption efficiency from 93 to 88.5 %, and Freundlich adsorption capacity from 194 to 100.75 mg kg −1 , intensity from 1.96 to 1.27 compared to control. However, combined application of these two treatments significantly increased the organic carbon from 0.81 to 1.64 %, total nitrogen from 0.04 to 0.13 %, and available phosphorus from 6.96 to 73.82 g kg −1 . The study further revealed that mixed manure and blended NPSB resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the maize leaves as well as their uptake compared to their sole application and control. The highest values of these parameters were observed in plots treated with a combined application of 15 t ha −1 mixed manure with each rate of 100 and 150 kg ha −1 blended NPSB. Additionally, the maize plant height (p ≤ 0.05) and above-ground biomass (p ≤ 0.01) also exhibited significant increase. Compared to the control and full dose of NPSB, all the treatments that received a combined application of 15 t ha −1 mixed manure with blended NPSB ranging from 50 to 150 kg ha −1 resulted in significantly higher above-ground biomass of maize. The results suggest that the combined use of mixed manure and blended NPSB could be a practical and effective approach to improve soil properties and maize above-ground biomass yield.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB reduced soil pH from 7.87 to 7.68 relative to control.
- Treatment
- combined application of mixed manure and blended NPSBe0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.87 to 7.68e0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of mixed manure and blended NPSB significantly reduced soil pH from 7.87 to 7.68”
t0“maize (Zea mays) as influenced by mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB reduced soil phosphorus adsorption efficiency from 93 to 88.5%.
- Treatment
- mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizert0
- Outcome
- phosphorus adsorption efficiencye0
- Value
- 93 to 88.5 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus adsorption efficiency from 93 to 88.5 %”
t0“maize (Zea mays) as influenced by mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB reduced Freundlich adsorption capacity from 194 to 100.75 mg kg −1.
- Treatment
- mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizert0
- Outcome
- Freundlich adsorption capacitye0
- Value
- 194 to 100.75 mg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freundlich adsorption capacity from 194 to 100.75 mg kg −1”
t0“maize (Zea mays) as influenced by mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB reduced Freundlich adsorption intensity from 1.96 to 1.27.
- Treatment
- mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizert0
- Outcome
- intensitye0
- Value
- 1.96 to 1.27e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intensity from 1.96 to 1.27 compared to control”
t0“maize (Zea mays) as influenced by mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB increased soil organic carbon from 0.81 to 1.64%.
- Treatment
- combined application of these two treatmentse0
- Outcome
- organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.81 to 1.64 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of these two treatments significantly increased the organic carbon from 0.81 to 1.64 %”
t0“maize (Zea mays) as influenced by mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB increased soil total nitrogen from 0.04 to 0.13%.
- Treatment
- mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizert0
- Outcome
- total nitrogene0
- Value
- 0.04 to 0.13 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total nitrogen from 0.04 to 0.13 %”
t0“maize (Zea mays) as influenced by mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB increased soil available phosphorus from 6.96 to 73.82 g kg −1.
- Treatment
- mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizert0
- Outcome
- available phosphoruse0
- Value
- 6.96 to 73.82 g kg −1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available phosphorus from 6.96 to 73.82 g kg −1”
t0“maize (Zea mays) as influenced by mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB increased nitrogen and phosphorus content in maize leaves compared with sole applications and control.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- mixed manure and blended NPSBe0
- Outcome
- contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the maize leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- their sole application and controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mixed manure and blended NPSB resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the maize leaves as well as their uptake compared to their sole application and control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPSB increased nitrogen and phosphorus uptake compared with sole applications and control.
- Treatment
- mixed manure and blended NPSBe0
- Outcome
- their uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- their sole application and controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mixed manure and blended NPSB resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the maize leaves as well as their uptake compared to their sole application and control”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize plant height increased significantly with combined manure and NPSB.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maize plant height (p ≤ 0.05) and above-ground biomass (p ≤ 0.01) also exhibited significant increase”
t0“mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize above-ground biomass increased significantly with combined manure and NPSB.
- Treatment
- mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizert0
- Outcome
- above-ground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“above-ground biomass (p ≤ 0.01) also exhibited significant increase”
t0“maize (Zea mays) as influenced by mixed manure and blended inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 15 t ha −1 manure and 50 to 150 kg ha −1 NPSB yielded higher maize above-ground biomass than control and full-dose NPSB.
- Treatment
- combined application of 15 t ha −1 mixed manure with blended NPSB ranging from 50 to 150 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- above-ground biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control and full dose of NPSBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control and full dose of NPSB, all the treatments that received a combined application of 15 t ha −1 mixed manure with blended NPSB ranging from 50 to 150 kg ha −1 resulted in significantly higher above-ground biomass of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined manure and NPSB to improve soil properties and maize biomass yield.
- Outcome
- combined use of mixed manure and blended NPSBe0
- Qualifier
- improve soil properties and maize above-ground biomass yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined use of mixed manure and blended NPSB could be a practical and effective approach to improve soil properties and maize above-ground biomass yield”
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8 of 20 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.