Abstract
This research assesses the effects of drought and salt stresses applied individually or in combination on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region. Our experiment aimed to comprehensively evaluate morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters of the thyme subjected to two levels of soil water capacity (SWC) - 70 % (control and salt stress) and 40 % (drought stress and combined stresses) - along with two salinity levels, 0 mM NaCl (control and drought stress) and 60 mM NaCl (salt stress and combined stresses). The plants exhibited significant responses to all the studied parameters under 40 % SWC in both treatments, demonstrating notable reductions in shoot and root parameters. In contrast, salt treatment at 60 mM had a minimal impact on growth. A stability in photosynthetic pigment composition was observed in all treatment, whereas a notable decrease (p < 0.05) in relative water content was seen in drought-stressed treatments compared to the to the control. Essential oil contents were higher in the control (0.91 ml/100g DW) but significantly declined (p < 0.05) under drought stress and combined stresses conditions (0.49 ml/100g DW and 0.53 ml/100g DW respectively). Particularly, the GC-MS analysis revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in thymol and carvacrol content for the drought-stressed treatments. Substantial reductions were evident for the total polyphenol concentration and antioxidant capacity under the combined stress treatment, measuring 101.49 mg GAE/g DW and 106.57 AAE/g DW, respectively. Interestingly, the HPLC analysis indicated the highest levels of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in the drought-stressed treatment, while the lowest ones were recorded in the combined stress treatment. These findings indicated the responses of Thymus pannonicus to environmental stressors, emphasizing the need for further investigations for a comprehensive understanding of salinity effects.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress at 40% soil water capacity notably reduced shoot and root parameters of Thymus pannonicus.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicus
Thymus pannonicuse0 - Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- shoot and root parameterse2
- Direction
- reductionse2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“two levels of soil water capacity (SWC) - 70 % (control and salt stress) and 40 % (drought stress and combined stresses)”
e2“demonstrating notable reductions in shoot and root parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt treatment at 60 mM NaCl had a minimal impact on growth of Thymus pannonicus.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Treatment
- salt treatment at 60 mMe2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“0 mM NaCl (control and drought stress) and 60 mM NaCl (salt stress and combined stresses)”
e2“salt treatment at 60 mM had a minimal impact on growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic pigment composition of Thymus pannonicus was stable across all treatments.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment compositione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“A stability in photosynthetic pigment composition was observed in all treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed Thymus pannonicus showed a significant decrease in relative water content compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Treatment
- drought-stressed treatmentse1
- Outcome
- relative water contente1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“a notable decrease (p < 0.05) in relative water content was seen in drought-stressed treatments compared to the to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil content of Thymus pannonicus declined under drought stress, to 0.49 ml/100g DW.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- Essential oil contentse1
- Direction
- declinede1
- Value
- 0.49 ml/100g DWe1
- Qualifier
- 0.91 ml/100g DWe1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“Essential oil contents were higher in the control (0.91 ml/100g DW) but significantly declined (p < 0.05) under drought stress and combined stresses conditions (0.49 ml/100g DW and 0.53 ml/100g DW respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil content of Thymus pannonicus declined under combined drought and salt stress, to 0.53 ml/100g DW.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Treatment
- combined stressese1
- Outcome
- Essential oil contentse1
- Direction
- declinede1
- Value
- 0.53 ml/100g DWe1
- Qualifier
- 0.91 ml/100g DWe1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“Essential oil contents were higher in the control (0.91 ml/100g DW) but significantly declined (p < 0.05) under drought stress and combined stresses conditions (0.49 ml/100g DW and 0.53 ml/100g DW respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol and carvacrol content of Thymus pannonicus decreased significantly under drought-stressed treatments.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Treatment
- drought-stressed treatmentse1
- Outcome
- thymol and carvacrol contente1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“the GC-MS analysis revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in thymol and carvacrol content for the drought-stressed treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Total polyphenol concentration of Thymus pannonicus was substantially reduced under combined stress, to 101.49 mg GAE/g DW.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Treatment
- combined stress treatmente1
- Outcome
- total polyphenol concentratione1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 101.49 mg GAE/g DWe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“Substantial reductions were evident for the total polyphenol concentration and antioxidant capacity under the combined stress treatment, measuring 101.49 mg GAE/g DW and 106.57 AAE/g DW, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant capacity of Thymus pannonicus was substantially reduced under combined stress, to 106.57 AAE/g DW.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Treatment
- combined stress treatmente1
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 106.57 AAE/g DWe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“Substantial reductions were evident for the total polyphenol concentration and antioxidant capacity under the combined stress treatment, measuring 101.49 mg GAE/g DW and 106.57 AAE/g DW, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosmarinic and caffeic acid levels of Thymus pannonicus were highest under drought stress and lowest under combined stress.
- Taxon
- Thymus pannonicusThymus pannonicuse0
- Treatment
- drought-stressed treatmente1
- Outcome
- levels of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acide1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- combined stress treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region”
e1“the HPLC analysis indicated the highest levels of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in the drought-stressed treatment, while the lowest ones were recorded in the combined stress treatment”