Growth, yield, weed control efficiency and economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices under varying tillage practices

Abstract

A field experiment entitled “Integrated weed management in sweet corn under different tillage practices” was conducted during rabi season of 2021-22 at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. Three tillage treatments were assigned to the main plot viz., T1-conventional tillage (CT), T2-zero tillage by dibbling (ZT) and T3- zero tillage+mulching with paddy straw @5 t/ha (ZT+M) and four weed management practices viz., W1- Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence), W2-Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS, W3-Manual weeding at 3 0 DAS and W4-Weedy check. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with pH 5.6, bulk density (B.D) 1.5 Mg m3, organic carbon 6.3 g/kg, available nitrogen 218.32 kg/ha, phosphorus 21.31 kg/ha and potassium 127.29 kg/ha. The sweet corn variety “Sugar 75” was grown as the test crop. Among the tillage practices, zero tillage +mulching was the best treatment. Among the weed management methods Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg /ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS was found to be the best. It recorded lowest weed density (46.81 no./m2). The interaction plot zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS had the least weed density at 60 DAS (39.08 no/m2), least weed dry weight (19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS), highest weed control efficiency (66.1% at harvest. It also resulted in better plant characters such as plant height (179.0 cm), LAI of 4.98 at 60 DAS, fresh cob yield of 18.20 t/ha and green fodder yield of 31 t/ha. Zero tillage practice along with rice straw mulching @5 t/ha and pre emergence application of herbicide Pendimethalin and atrazine @ 0.5 kg/ha fb one manual weeding 30 DAS resulted in highest net return of Rs 176000/ha and maximum B:C ratio (3.01), hence proved as the best treatment among all.

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Claims 13

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Zero tillage with mulching was the best tillage treatment for sweet corn.

Taxon: sweet corne2
Treatment: zero tillage +mulchinge1
Outcome: best treatmente1
Direction: beste1
Comparator: tillage practicese1
Setting: Agronomy Main Research Farme3

Verbatim

e1
“Among the tillage practices, zero tillage +mulching was the best treatment”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1021–1095 · show in text ↑

e2
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

e3
“was conducted during rabi season of 2021-22 at Agronomy Main Research Farm”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 105–179 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Pendimethalin and atrazine pre-emergence followed by one manual weeding at 30 DAS was the best weed management method for sweet corn.

Taxon: sweet corne2
Treatment: Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg /ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: the beste1
Direction: beste1
Comparator: weed management methodse1

Verbatim

e1
“Among the weed management methods Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg /ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS was found to be the best”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1097–1239 · show in text ↑

e2
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Pendimethalin and atrazine pre-emergence followed by one manual weeding at 30 DAS recorded the lowest weed density, 46.81 no./m2.

Taxon: sweet corne3
Treatment: Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg /ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: weed densitye2
Direction: loweste2
Value: 46.81 no./m2e2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“Among the weed management methods Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg /ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS was found to be the best”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1097–1239 · show in text ↑

e2
“It recorded lowest weed density (46.81 no./m2)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1241–1287 · show in text ↑

e3
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The interaction of zero tillage with mulching and Pendimethalin and atrazine plus one manual weeding had the least weed density at 60 DAS, 39.08 no/m2.

Taxon: sweet corne2
Treatment: zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: weed densitye1
Direction: leaste1
Value: 39.08 no/m2e1
Qualifier: at 60 DASe1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“The interaction plot zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS had the least weed density at 60 DAS (39.08 no/m2), least weed dry weight (19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS), highest weed control efficiency (66.1% at harvest”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1580 · show in text ↑

e2
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The same interaction had the least weed dry weight, 19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS.

Taxon: sweet corne2
Treatment: zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: weed dry weighte1
Direction: leaste1
Value: 19.3 g/m2e1
Qualifier: at 60 DASe1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“The interaction plot zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS had the least weed density at 60 DAS (39.08 no/m2), least weed dry weight (19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS), highest weed control efficiency (66.1% at harvest”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1580 · show in text ↑

e2
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The same interaction had the highest weed control efficiency, 66.1% at harvest.

Taxon: sweet corne2
Treatment: zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: weed control efficiencye1
Direction: higheste1
Value: 66.1%e1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“The interaction plot zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS had the least weed density at 60 DAS (39.08 no/m2), least weed dry weight (19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS), highest weed control efficiency (66.1% at harvest”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1580 · show in text ↑

e2
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The interaction of zero tillage with mulching and Pendimethalin and atrazine plus one manual weeding gave better plant height, 179.0 cm.

Taxon: sweet corne3
Treatment: zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: plant heighte2
Direction: bettere2
Value: 179.0 cme2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“The interaction plot zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS had the least weed density at 60 DAS (39.08 no/m2), least weed dry weight (19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS), highest weed control efficiency (66.1% at harvest”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1580 · show in text ↑

e2
“It also resulted in better plant characters such as plant height (179.0 cm)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1582–1657 · show in text ↑

e3
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The same interaction gave better LAI, 4.98 at 60 DAS.

Taxon: sweet corne4
Treatment: zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: LAIe3
Direction: bettere2
Value: 4.98e3
Qualifier: at 60 DASe3

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“The interaction plot zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS had the least weed density at 60 DAS (39.08 no/m2), least weed dry weight (19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS), highest weed control efficiency (66.1% at harvest”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1580 · show in text ↑

e2
“It also resulted in better plant characters such as plant height (179.0 cm)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1582–1657 · show in text ↑

e3
“LAI of 4.98 at 60 DAS”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1659–1680 · show in text ↑

e4
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The same interaction gave better fresh cob yield, 18.20 t/ha.

Taxon: sweet corne4
Treatment: zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: fresh cob yielde3
Direction: bettere2
Value: 18.20 t/hae3

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“The interaction plot zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS had the least weed density at 60 DAS (39.08 no/m2), least weed dry weight (19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS), highest weed control efficiency (66.1% at harvest”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1580 · show in text ↑

e2
“It also resulted in better plant characters such as plant height (179.0 cm)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1582–1657 · show in text ↑

e3
“fresh cob yield of 18.20 t/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1682–1711 · show in text ↑

e4
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The same interaction gave better green fodder yield, 31 t/ha.

Taxon: sweet corne4
Treatment: zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DASe1
Outcome: green fodder yielde3
Direction: bettere2
Value: 31 t/hae3

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“The interaction plot zero tillage+ mulching supplemented with Pendimethalin and atrazine @0.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb one manual weeding 30 DAS had the least weed density at 60 DAS (39.08 no/m2), least weed dry weight (19.3 g/m2 at 60 DAS), highest weed control efficiency (66.1% at harvest”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1580 · show in text ↑

e2
“It also resulted in better plant characters such as plant height (179.0 cm)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1582–1657 · show in text ↑

e3
“green fodder yield of 31 t/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1716–1745 · show in text ↑

e4
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Zero tillage with rice straw mulching and pre-emergence herbicide plus one manual weeding gave the highest net return, Rs 176000/ha.

Taxon: sweet corne2
Treatment: Zero tillage practice along with rice straw mulching @5 t/hae1
Outcome: net returne1
Direction: higheste1
Value: Rs 176000/hae1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“Zero tillage practice along with rice straw mulching @5 t/ha and pre emergence application of herbicide Pendimethalin and atrazine @ 0.5 kg/ha fb one manual weeding 30 DAS resulted in highest net return of Rs 176000/ha and maximum B:C ratio (3.01)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1747–1994 · show in text ↑

e2
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Zero tillage with rice straw mulching and pre-emergence herbicide plus one manual weeding gave the maximum B:C ratio, 3.01.

Taxon: sweet corne2
Treatment: Zero tillage practice along with rice straw mulching @5 t/hae1
Outcome: B:C ratioe1
Direction: maximume1
Value: 3.01e1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“Zero tillage practice along with rice straw mulching @5 t/ha and pre emergence application of herbicide Pendimethalin and atrazine @ 0.5 kg/ha fb one manual weeding 30 DAS resulted in highest net return of Rs 176000/ha and maximum B:C ratio (3.01)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1747–1994 · show in text ↑

e2
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

Observationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Zero tillage with rice straw mulching and pre-emergence herbicide plus one manual weeding was the best treatment among all tested for sweet corn.

Taxon: sweet corne2
Outcome: best treatmente1
Qualifier: among alle1

Verbatim

e1
“hence proved as the best treatment among all”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1996–2040 · show in text ↑

e2
“economics of sweet corn as influenced by integrated weed management practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–120 · show in text ↑

pendimethalin · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

54 papers: 52 positive, 2 negative or no effect

51 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Pendimethalin applied EPOST resulted in reduced corn yield and net returns in 2004.
Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) Control in Irrigated Field Corn (Zea mays) with Foramsulfuron, Glyphosate, Nicosulfuron, and Pendimethalin · 2006
Opposite direction
no effect
Pendimethalin produced maize grain yield comparable to hand weeding.
Integrated Weed Management in Maize+Turmeric Intercropping System · 2000 · compared with hand weeding
No difference from an alternative
positive
Stomp 35-EC yielded 7.92 t ha of maize grain versus 4.561 t ha untreated.
Effect of different herbicides on weeds, growth and yield of spring planted maize (Zea mays L.). · 2009 · compared with untreated control plot
Same direction

50 papers more in this group

See all 54 papers →

atrazine · weed · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

202 papers: 197 positive, 5 negative or no effect

196 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction

negative
Reducing atrazine and metolachlor to one-fourth the rate in the absence of cover crop reduced weed control in three of four years compared with the standard treatment.
Reduced-Herbicide Weed Management Systems for No-Tillage Corn (Zea mays) in a Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) Cover Crop · 1993 · compared with the standard treatment
Opposite direction
negative
Early preplant atrazine and/or metolachlor gave reduced late season weed control in no till corn compared with preemergence or sequential application.
Early Preplant Atrazine and Metolachlor in Conservation Tillage Corn (Zea mays) · 1991 · compared with preemergence and early preplant/preemergence sequential treatments
Opposite direction
negative
Atrazine applied at 21 DAS failed to control the weeds satisfactorily.
Atrazine as Post-emergence Herbicide for Weed Control in Maize (Zea mays L.) · 1994
Opposite direction

198 papers more in this group

See all 202 papers →

atrazine · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

240 papers: 205 positive, 35 negative or no effect

204 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Corn grain yield fell 39% in year five where atrazine had been discontinued.
Weed Seed Decline in Irrigated Soil after Six Years of Continuous Corn(Zea mays)and Herbicides · 1984
Opposite direction
no effect
Sweet corn yields at Blackville and Tifton were similar between the half and full rates of atrazine plus S-metolachlor after wild radish or rye cover crops.
Use of Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and Rye Cover Crops for Weed Suppression in Sweet Corn · 2008
Opposite direction
negative
Reducing atrazine and metolachlor to one-fourth the rate in the absence of cover crop reduced corn yield in two of four years compared with the standard treatment.
Reduced-Herbicide Weed Management Systems for No-Tillage Corn (Zea mays) in a Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) Cover Crop · 1993 · compared with the standard treatment
Opposite direction

236 papers more in this group

See all 240 papers →

pendimethalin · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

8 papers: 5 positive, 3 negative or no effect

4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

4 papers more in this group

See all 8 papers →

pendimethalin · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

44 papers: 43 positive, 1 negative or no effect

42 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

negative
Pre-emergence pendimethalin gave less effective weed control than atrazine (visual weed control ratings 7.3-8.3 and 6.8-7.8 at 10 and 20 DAS).
Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides and irrigation levels on yield, weed flora, and weed index on drip irrigated paired row maize · 2024 · compared with atrazine
Opposite direction
positive
Pre-emergence pendimethalin at 2.0 kg/ha reduced dicot weed dry weight.
Herbicide efficacy and non-target toxicity in highland rainfed maize of Eastern Ethiopia · 2010
Same direction
positive
Stomp 35-EC was among the most effective treatments for weed control and reduced weed dry matter.
Effect of different herbicides on weeds, growth and yield of spring planted maize (Zea mays L.). · 2009
Same direction

40 papers more in this group

See all 44 papers →

atrazine · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

56 papers: 41 positive, 15 negative or no effect

40 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction

no effect
Neither pre- nor post-emergence encapsulated atrazine affected maize shoot growth at either concentration.
Evaluation of the side effects of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules containing atrazine toward maize plants · 2015
Opposite direction
no effect
Atrazine combined with tridiphane did not change corn growth.
Tridiphane as a Synergist for Herbicides in Corn (Zea mays) and Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) · 1985
Opposite direction
no effect
Atrazine at 1.5 ppm did not significantly affect dry weight of corn plants.
Effects of Low Levels of Atrazine on Some Mineral Constituents and Forms of Nitrogen in Zea mays L.¹ · 1972
Opposite direction

52 papers more in this group

See all 56 papers →

Oryza sativa · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

66 papers: 63 positive, 3 negative or no effect

62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

no effect
Rice chaff had no significant effect on the yield of main crops.
The Effects of Some Leguminous Forage Crops Used as Green Manure and Plant Residues on Yield and Quality of Maize and Sunflower Under Irrigated Conditions of Çarsamba Plain · 2000
Opposite direction
no effect
At 18.2% drought occurrence per ten days, mulching did not significantly change maize yield.
Effect of straw mulching on drought resistance of summer maize in upland red soils · 2013 · compared with CK
Opposite direction
no effect
TI1 did not significantly differ from TI2 or TI3 in stem dry weight and harvest index of corn.
Effects of different management practices on the growth and yield of corn · 2024 · compared with TI2 and TI3
Opposite direction

62 papers more in this group

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mulching · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

55 papers: 48 positive, 7 negative or no effect

47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Weed dry biomass was highest without mulch at 19.217 g.
Impact of tillage and mulching practices on weed biomass and yield components of maize under rainfed condition. · 2013
Opposite direction
no effect
Weed species were unaffected by tillage or mulching level.
Weed seed bank response to tillage and residue management in semi-arid Zimbabwe · 2012
Opposite direction
negative
Twice cultivation without mulch had maximum weed density of 58 %.
Efficacy of tillage and mulching practices for weed suppression and maize yield under non-irrigated condition. · 2013
Opposite direction

51 papers more in this group

See all 55 papers →

8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 13

The same questions in other papers

pendimethalin · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

atrazine · weed · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

atrazine · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

pendimethalin · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

pendimethalin · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

atrazine · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

Oryza sativa · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

mulching · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results