Abstract
The present investigation entitled “Effect of foliar spray of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality parameters of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure” was conducted during the Kharif season 2023 at the Center of Excellence on Protected Cultivation and Precision Farming, IGKV, Raipur, (C.G.). The experiment was laid in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications consisting twelve treatments. The treatments included viz. T0: Control, T1: FeSO4 (0.5%), T2: ZnSO4 (0.5%), T3: Borax (0.2%), T4: Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%), T5: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%), T6: FeSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%), T7: FeSO4 (0.5%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%), T8: ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%), T9: ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%), T10: Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%) and T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%). Foliar spray of micronutrients was done at 30 and 45 DAT of cauliflower. The results revealed that treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1). Treatment T11 also recorded maximum value in quality parameters such as total soluble solid (5.73%), ascorbic acid (55.67 mg/100 g), protein content (2.93%), dry weight of curd /100 g of fresh weight (9.15 g). The creamy white colour of curd recorded in all the treatments. Non-significant effect was found for number of leaves per plant, number of days required for curd initiation, number of days required for curd maturity and curd compactness. Whereas the minimum value for above parameters were recorded under T1 (control).
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized plant height at 53.93 cm.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytist0 - Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 53.93 cme1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized leaf length at 35.15 cm.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- leaf lengthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 35.15 cme1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized leaf width at 20.89 cm.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- leaf widthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 20.89 cme1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized stem diameter at 2.42 cm.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- stem diametere1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 2.42 cme1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized curd diameter at 13.22 cm.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- curd diametere1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 13.22 cme1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized curd depth at 9.26 cm.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- curd depthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 9.26 cme1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized curd size index at 122.66 cm2.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- curd size indexe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 122.66 cm2e1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized total biomass production per plant at 599.73 g.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- total biomass production per plante1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 599.73 ge1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized marketable curd weight at 315.51 g.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- marketable curd weighte1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 315.51 ge1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized net curd weight at 208.55 g.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- net curd weighte1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 208.55ge1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized yield per plot at 6.94 kg per plot.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- yield per plote1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 6.94 kg plot-1e1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray significantly maximized yield per hectare at 231.37 q per ha.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- yield per hectaree1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 231.37 qha-1e1
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e1“treatment T11 recorded significantly maximum plant height (53.93 cm), leaf length (35.15 cm), leaf width (20.89 cm), stem diameter (2.42 cm), curd diameter (13.22 cm), curd depth (9.26 cm), curd size index (122.66 cm2), total biomass production per plant (599.73 g), marketable curd weight (315.51 g), net curd weight (208.55g), yield per plot (6.94 kg plot-1) and yield per hectare (231.37 qha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray gave the maximum total soluble solid content, at 5.73%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- total soluble solide3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 5.73%e3
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e3“Treatment T11 also recorded maximum value in quality parameters such as total soluble solid (5.73%), ascorbic acid (55.67 mg/100 g), protein content (2.93%), dry weight of curd /100 g of fresh weight (9.15 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray gave the maximum ascorbic acid content, at 55.67 mg per 100 g.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 55.67 mg/100 ge3
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e3“Treatment T11 also recorded maximum value in quality parameters such as total soluble solid (5.73%), ascorbic acid (55.67 mg/100 g), protein content (2.93%), dry weight of curd /100 g of fresh weight (9.15 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray gave the maximum protein content, at 2.93%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- protein contente3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 2.93%e3
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e3“Treatment T11 also recorded maximum value in quality parameters such as total soluble solid (5.73%), ascorbic acid (55.67 mg/100 g), protein content (2.93%), dry weight of curd /100 g of fresh weight (9.15 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
T11 spray gave the maximum dry weight of curd, at 9.15 g per 100 g fresh weight.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)e2
- Outcome
- dry weight of curd /100 g of fresh weighte3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 9.15 ge3
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e3“Treatment T11 also recorded maximum value in quality parameters such as total soluble solid (5.73%), ascorbic acid (55.67 mg/100 g), protein content (2.93%), dry weight of curd /100 g of fresh weight (9.15 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient foliar spray had a non-significant effect on the number of leaves per plant and on the days to curd initiation and maturity.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Foliar spray of micronutrientse6
- Outcome
- number of leaves per plant, number of days required for curd initiation, number of days required for curd maturitye4
- Direction
- Non-significant effecte4
- Comparator
- T1 (control)e5
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e4“Non-significant effect was found for number of leaves per plant, number of days required for curd initiation, number of days required for curd maturity and curd compactness”
e5“Whereas the minimum value for above parameters were recorded under T1 (control)”
e6“Foliar spray of micronutrients was done at 30 and 45 DAT of cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient foliar spray had a non-significant effect on curd compactness.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Foliar spray of micronutrientse6
- Outcome
- curd compactnesse4
- Direction
- Non-significant effecte4
- Comparator
- T1 (control)e5
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e2“T11: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.2%) + Ammonium Molybdate (0.03%)”
e4“Non-significant effect was found for number of leaves per plant, number of days required for curd initiation, number of days required for curd maturity and curd compactness”
e5“Whereas the minimum value for above parameters were recorded under T1 (control)”
e6“Foliar spray of micronutrients was done at 30 and 45 DAT of cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Curd colour was creamy white in all treatments.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- colour of curde7
- Value
- creamy whitee7
- Setting
- protected structuret0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under protected structure”
e7“The creamy white colour of curd recorded in all the treatments”
The same questions in other papers
borax · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results differ
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →zinc sulfate · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →borax · quality: phytochemicals · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
borax · quality: protein · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
zinc sulfate · quality: protein · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
ammonium molybdate · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
borax · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 20 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.