Abstract
A pathogen arriving on a host typically encounters a diverse community of microbes that can shape priority effects, other within-host interactions and infection outcomes. In plants, environmental nutrients can drive trade-offs between host growth and defence and can mediate interactions between co-infecting pathogens. Nutrients may thus alter the outcome of pathogen priority effects for the host, but this possibility has received little experimental investigation. To disentangle the relationship between nutrient availability and co-infection dynamics, we factorially manipulated the nutrient availability and order of arrival of two foliar fungal pathogens ( Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum cereale ) on the grass tall fescue ( Lolium arundinaceum ) and tracked disease outcomes. Nutrient addition did not influence infection rates, infection severity or plant biomass. Colletotrichum cereale facilitated R. solani , increasing its infection rate regardless of their order of inoculation. Additionally, simultaneous and C. cereale -first inoculations decreased plant growth and—in plants that did not receive nutrient addition—increased leaf nitrogen concentrations compared to uninoculated plants. These effects were partially, but not completely, explained by the duration and severity of pathogen infections. This study highlights the importance of understanding the intricate associations between the order of pathogen arrival, host nutrient availability and host defence to better predict infection outcomes.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient addition did not influence infection rates, infection severity or plant biomass in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescue
Lolium arundinaceume1 - Treatment
- Nutrient additione0
- Outcome
- infection rates, infection severity or plant biomasse0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient addition did not influence infection rates, infection severity or plant biomass”
e1“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Colletotrichum cereale facilitated R. solani, increasing its infection rate regardless of the order of inoculation.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- Colletotrichum cerealee0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- Colletotrichum cerealeColletotrichum cerealee0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection ratee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- regardless of their order of inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colletotrichum cereale facilitated R. solani , increasing its infection rate regardless of their order of inoculation”
e1“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous and C. cereale-first inoculations decreased plant growth compared with uninoculated tall fescue plants.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- simultaneous and C. cereale -first inoculationse0
- Interactor
- C. cerealeColletotrichum cerealee0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simultaneous and C. cereale -first inoculations decreased plant growth and—in plants that did not receive nutrient addition—increased leaf nitrogen concentrations compared to uninoculated plants”
e1“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
In plants without nutrient addition, simultaneous and C. cereale-first inoculations increased leaf nitrogen concentrations compared with uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- simultaneous and C. cereale -first inoculationse0
- Interactor
- C. cerealeColletotrichum cerealee0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf nitrogen concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in plants that did not receive nutrient additione0
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simultaneous and C. cereale -first inoculations decreased plant growth and—in plants that did not receive nutrient addition—increased leaf nitrogen concentrations compared to uninoculated plants”
e1“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects of the inoculations were partially, but not completely, explained by the duration and severity of pathogen infections.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume1
- Outcome
- effectse0
- Qualifier
- partially, but not completely, explained by the duration and severity of pathogen infectionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These effects were partially, but not completely, explained by the duration and severity of pathogen infections”
e1“tall fescue”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · growth · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.