Abstract
Heat as an abiotic stress significantly impairs the sustainable productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To determine the tolerance of genotypes to heat stress, a comprehensive approach should be used that integrates simultaneous phenotyping and genotyping analyses. The aim of this study is to identify local heat-tolerant genotypes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and evaluate the selected genotypes under field conditions for their tolerance to heat stress. Of the 12 SSR markers that showed polymorphism, eight were associated with six important traits. The use of hierarchical cluster analysis (HC) based on SSR markers led to the identification of 13 genotypes that showed varying results and were grouped into three distinct heat tolerance classes: tolerant (T), moderately tolerant (MT), and sensitive (S). The results showed that heat stress had a significant effect on 19 traits under this study, with significant variation in tolerance to heat stress between genotypes. The tolerant genotypes exhibited a range of average thousand-kernel weight (TKW) values between 40.56 and 44.85, while the sensitive genotype (Yecora Rojo) had an average TKW of 35.45. Furthermore, the tolerant genotypes showed two to three times higher levels of antioxidants compared to the sensitive genotypes when exposed to heat stress. Among the traits analyzed, six showed a favorable combination of high heritability (>60%) and genetic gain (>20%). Through the integration of principal component analysis and stepwise multiple linear regression, it was determined that six traits (grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, plant height, intercellular carbon dioxide, flag leaf area, and grain filling duration) revealed differences between the 13 genotypes. HC analysis of the six traits resulted in the same division of genotypes into three main categories as observed in an HC analysis based on SSR markers. It is worth noting that Saudi wheat, including KSU106, KSU105, and KSU115 as local genotypes, in addition to the 16HTWYT-22 genotype, showed higher heat tolerance compared to the other genotypes tested, indicating its potential suitability for agriculture in Saudi Arabia. These results contribute to breeding programs focused on developing heat-tolerant wheat varieties and accelerate progress in wheat productivity improvement programs.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Eight polymorphic SSR markers were associated with six traits.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Gene
- SSR markerse0
- Outcome
- six important traitse0
- Value
- eighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the 12 SSR markers that showed polymorphism, eight were associated with six important traits.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SSR marker clustering classified 13 genotypes into tolerant, moderately tolerant, and sensitive classes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- three distinct heat tolerance classese0
- Value
- 13 genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of hierarchical cluster analysis (HC) based on SSR markers led to the identification of 13 genotypes that showed varying results and were grouped into three distinct heat tolerance classes: tolerant (T), moderately tolerant (MT), and sensitive (S).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress significantly affected 19 traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- 19 traitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heat stress had a significant effect on 19 traits under this study”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotypes varied significantly in heat stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotypese0
- Outcome
- tolerance to heat stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant variation in tolerance to heat stress between genotypes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes had average thousand-kernel weights between 40.56 and 44.85, compared with 35.45 in Yecora Rojo.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- tolerant genotypese0
- Outcome
- thousand-kernel weight (TKW)e0
- Value
- between 40.56 and 44.85e0
- Qualifier
- 35.45e0
- Comparator
- Yecora Rojoe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tolerant genotypes exhibited a range of average thousand-kernel weight (TKW) values between 40.56 and 44.85, while the sensitive genotype (Yecora Rojo) had an average TKW of 35.45.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, tolerant genotypes had two to three times higher antioxidant levels than sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- tolerant genotypese0
- Outcome
- levels of antioxidantse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- two to three timese0
- Qualifier
- when exposed to heat stresse0
- Comparator
- sensitive genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tolerant genotypes showed two to three times higher levels of antioxidants compared to the sensitive genotypes when exposed to heat stress.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Six traits had heritability above 60%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- heritabilitye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- >60%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six showed a favorable combination of high heritability (>60%) and genetic gain (>20%).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Six traits had genetic gain above 20%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- genetic gaine0
- Value
- >20%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six showed a favorable combination of high heritability (>60%) and genetic gain (>20%).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Six measured traits differentiated the 13 genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- six traitse0
- Value
- 13 genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six traits (grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, plant height, intercellular carbon dioxide, flag leaf area, and grain filling duration) revealed differences between the 13 genotypes.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Clustering on six traits reproduced the three genotype categories from SSR markers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- same division of genotypes into three main categoriese0
- Comparator
- HC analysis based on SSR markerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HC analysis of the six traits resulted in the same division of genotypes into three main categories as observed in an HC analysis based on SSR markers.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
KSU106 showed higher heat tolerance than the other tested genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- KSU106e0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other genotypes testede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KSU106, KSU105, and KSU115 as local genotypes, in addition to the 16HTWYT-22 genotype, showed higher heat tolerance compared to the other genotypes tested”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
KSU105 showed higher heat tolerance than the other tested genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- KSU105e0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other genotypes testede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KSU106, KSU105, and KSU115 as local genotypes, in addition to the 16HTWYT-22 genotype, showed higher heat tolerance compared to the other genotypes tested”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
KSU115 showed higher heat tolerance than the other tested genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- KSU115e0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other genotypes testede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KSU106, KSU105, and KSU115 as local genotypes, in addition to the 16HTWYT-22 genotype, showed higher heat tolerance compared to the other genotypes tested”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
16HTWYT-22 showed higher heat tolerance than the other tested genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- 16HTWYT-22e0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other genotypes testede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“16HTWYT-22 genotype, showed higher heat tolerance compared to the other genotypes tested”
t0“Wheat”