Abstract
ABSTRACT To gain insights into the diversity of Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato affecting sweet cherry in California, we sequenced and analyzed the phylogenomic and genomic architecture of 86 fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic cherry tissues. Fifty-eight isolates were phylogenetically placed within the P. syringae species complex and taxonomically classified into five genomospecies: P. syringae pv. syringae , P. syringae , Pseudomonas cerasi , Pseudomonas viridiflava , and A . We annotated components of the type III secretion system and phytotoxin-encoding genes and correlated the data with pathogenicity phenotypes. Intact probable regulatory protein HrpR was annotated in the genomic sequences of all isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae , P. syringae , P. cerasi , and A . Isolates of P. viridiflava had atypical probable regulatory protein HrpR. Syringomycin and syringopeptin-encoding genes were annotated in isolates of all genomospecies except for A and P. viridiflava . All isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae caused cankers, leaf spots, and fruit lesions in the field. In contrast, all isolates of P. syringae and P. cerasi and some isolates of P. viridiflava caused only cankers. Isolates of genomospecies A could not cause any symptoms suggesting phytotoxins are essential for pathogenicity. On detached immature cherry fruit pathogenicity assays, isolates of all five genomospecies produced symptoms (black–dark brown lesions). However, symptoms of isolates of genomospecies A were significantly ( P < 0.01) less severe than those of other genomospecies. We also mined for genes conferring resistance to copper and kasugamycin and correlated these data with in vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests. IMPORTANCE Comprehensive identification of phytopathogens and an in-depth understanding of their genomic architecture, particularly virulence determinants and antibiotic-resistant genes, are critical for several practical reasons. These include disease diagnosis, improved knowledge of disease epidemiology, pathogen diversity, and determination of the best possible management strategies. In this study, we provide the first report of the presence and pathogenicity of genomospecies Pseudomonas cerasi and Pseudomonas viridiflava in California sweet cherry. More importantly, we report a relatively high level of resistance to copper among the population of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (47.5%). This implies copper cannot be effectively used to control bacterial blast and bacterial canker of sweet cherries. On the other hand, no isolates were resistant to kasugamycin, an indication that kasugamycin could be effectively used for the control of bacterial blast and bacterial canker. Our findings are important to improve the management of bacterial blast and bacterial canker of sweet cherries in California.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Fifty-eight cherry isolates fell within the P. syringae complex and five genomospecies.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry
Prunus aviumt0 - Interactor
- P. syringae species complex
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Outcome
- phylogenetically placed within the P. syringae species complex and taxonomically classified into five genomospeciese0
- Value
- Fifty-eight isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fifty-eight isolates were phylogenetically placed within the P. syringae species complex and taxonomically classified into five genomospecies: P. syringae pv. syringae , P. syringae , Pseudomonas cerasi , Pseudomonas viridiflava , and A .”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Intact probable HrpR was annotated in P. syringae pv. syringae isolates.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. syringaePseudomonas syringae pv. syringaee0pathogen
- Gene
- HrpRe0
- Outcome
- Intact probable regulatory protein HrpRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intact probable regulatory protein HrpR was annotated in the genomic sequences of all isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae , P. syringae , P. cerasi , and A .”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Intact probable HrpR was annotated in P. syringae isolates.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- P. syringaePseudomonas syringaee0pathogen
- Gene
- HrpRe0
- Outcome
- Intact probable regulatory protein HrpRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intact probable regulatory protein HrpR was annotated in the genomic sequences of all isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae , P. syringae , P. cerasi , and A .”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Intact probable HrpR was annotated in P. cerasi isolates.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- P. cerasiPseudomonas cerasie0pathogen
- Gene
- HrpRe0
- Outcome
- Intact probable regulatory protein HrpRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intact probable regulatory protein HrpR was annotated in the genomic sequences of all isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae , P. syringae , P. cerasi , and A .”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Intact probable HrpR was annotated in genomospecies A isolates.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- Ae0pathogen
- Gene
- HrpRe0
- Outcome
- Intact probable regulatory protein HrpRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intact probable regulatory protein HrpR was annotated in the genomic sequences of all isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae , P. syringae , P. cerasi , and A .”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
P. viridiflava isolates had atypical probable HrpR.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- P. viridiflava
Pseudomonas viridiflavae0pathogen - Gene
- HrpRe0
- Outcome
- atypical probable regulatory protein HrpRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of P. viridiflava had atypical probable regulatory protein HrpR.”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Syringomycin and syringopeptin genes were found in the other genomospecies but not A or P. viridiflava.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Gene
- Syringomycin and syringopeptin-encoding genese0
- Outcome
- Syringomycin and syringopeptin-encoding genese0
- Qualifier
- except for A and P. viridiflavae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Syringomycin and syringopeptin-encoding genes were annotated in isolates of all genomospecies except for A and P. viridiflava .”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
P. syringae pv. syringae caused cankers, leaf spots and fruit lesions in the field.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. syringaePseudomonas syringae pv. syringaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- cankers, leaf spots, and fruit lesionse0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae caused cankers, leaf spots, and fruit lesions in the field.”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
P. syringae isolates caused only cankers in the field.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- P. syringaePseudomonas syringaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- cankerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, all isolates of P. syringae and P. cerasi and some isolates of P. viridiflava caused only cankers.”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
P. cerasi isolates caused only cankers.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- P. cerasiPseudomonas cerasie0pathogen
- Outcome
- cankerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, all isolates of P. syringae and P. cerasi and some isolates of P. viridiflava caused only cankers.”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Some P. viridiflava isolates caused only cankers.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- P. viridiflavaPseudomonas viridiflavae0pathogen
- Outcome
- cankerse0
- Qualifier
- some isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, all isolates of P. syringae and P. cerasi and some isolates of P. viridiflava caused only cankers.”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Genomospecies A caused no field symptoms.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- genomospecies Ae0pathogen
- Outcome
- could not cause any symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of genomospecies A could not cause any symptoms suggesting phytotoxins are essential for pathogenicity.”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
All five genomospecies produced dark lesions on detached immature cherry fruit.
Verbatim
e0“On detached immature cherry fruit pathogenicity assays, isolates of all five genomospecies produced symptoms (black–dark brown lesions).”
Claim · model-written summary
Genomospecies A lesions were significantly less severe than those of other genomospecies.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- genomospecies Ae0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptomse0
- Direction
- less severee0
- Value
- P < 0.01e0
- Comparator
- other genomospeciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, symptoms of isolates of genomospecies A were significantly ( P < 0.01) less severe than those of other genomospecies.”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
P. cerasi was reported as present and pathogenic on California sweet cherry.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviume0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas cerasiPseudomonas cerasie0pathogen
- Outcome
- presence and pathogenicitye0
- Setting
- Californiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“first report of the presence and pathogenicity of genomospecies Pseudomonas cerasi and Pseudomonas viridiflava in California sweet cherry.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. viridiflava was reported as present and pathogenic on California sweet cherry.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviume0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas viridiflavaPseudomonas viridiflavae0pathogen
- Outcome
- presence and pathogenicitye0
- Setting
- Californiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“first report of the presence and pathogenicity of genomospecies Pseudomonas cerasi and Pseudomonas viridiflava in California sweet cherry.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper resistance in P. syringae pv. syringae was 47.5%.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringaePseudomonas syringae pv. syringaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to coppere0
- Value
- 47.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a relatively high level of resistance to copper among the population of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (47.5%).”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
No isolates were resistant to kasugamycin.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviumt0
- Outcome
- no isolates were resistant to kasugamycine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no isolates were resistant to kasugamycin”
t0“sweet cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude copper cannot effectively control bacterial blast and canker of sweet cherry.
- Taxon
- sweet cherriesPrunus aviume0
- Outcome
- copper cannot be effectively used to control bacterial blast and bacterial cankere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This implies copper cannot be effectively used to control bacterial blast and bacterial canker of sweet cherries.”