Abstract
Abstract This research was conducted to investigate the efficacy of putrescine (PUT) treatment (0, 1, 2, and 4 mM) on improving morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers under salt stress (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl). The experiment was designed in a factorial setting under completely randomized design with 4 replications. The results showed that by increasing the salt stress intensity, the stress index (SSI) increased while morphological traits such as plant height decreased. PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants. Treatment by PUT 2 mM under 50 and 100 mM salt stress levels reduced the SSI by 28 and 35%, respectively, and increased plant height by 20 and 27% compared to untreated plants (PUT 0 mM). 2 mM PUT treatment also had the greatest effect on increasing fresh and dry biomass, number and surface area of leaves, flower diameter, internodal length, leaf relative water content, protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, leaf potassium (K + ) content, and K + /Na + ratio in treated plants compared to untreated control plants. The treatment of 2 mM PUT decreased the electrolyte leakage, leaf sodium (Na + ) content, H 2 O 2 , malondialdehyde, and proline content. Furthermore, PUT treatments increased the activity of defense-related enzymes including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), and reduced the abscisic acid (ABA) content while increased the level of gibberellin (GA) content compared to untreated samples under all different levels of salinity stress. In this research, enhancing the plant’s antioxidant system, increasing K + absorption, K + /Na + ratio, and reducing the ABA/GA ratio are likely the most important mechanisms of PUT treatment, which improved growth, and maintained the visual quality of zinnia flowers under salt stress conditions.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity raised stress index in zinnia.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegans
Zinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing the salt stress intensity, the stress index (SSI) increased while morphological traits such as plant height decreased”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity lowered zinnia height.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing the salt stress intensity, the stress index (SSI) increased while morphological traits such as plant height decreased”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine recovered plant height and flower quality relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 mM salt, 2 mM putrescine reduced stress index by 28%.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment by PUT 2 mM under 50 and 100 mM salt stress levels reduced the SSI by 28 and 35%, respectively, and increased plant height by 20 and 27% compared to untreated plants (PUT 0 mM)”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mM salt, 2 mM putrescine reduced stress index by 35%.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment by PUT 2 mM under 50 and 100 mM salt stress levels reduced the SSI by 28 and 35%, respectively, and increased plant height by 20 and 27% compared to untreated plants (PUT 0 mM)”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 mM salt, 2 mM putrescine raised height by 20%.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment by PUT 2 mM under 50 and 100 mM salt stress levels reduced the SSI by 28 and 35%, respectively, and increased plant height by 20 and 27% compared to untreated plants (PUT 0 mM)”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mM salt, 2 mM putrescine raised height by 27%.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment by PUT 2 mM under 50 and 100 mM salt stress levels reduced the SSI by 28 and 35%, respectively, and increased plant height by 20 and 27% compared to untreated plants (PUT 0 mM)”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Two mM putrescine increased biomass and leaf number relative to control.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2 mM PUT treatment also had the greatest effect on increasing fresh and dry biomass, number and surface area of leaves, flower diameter, internodal length, leaf relative water content, protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, leaf potassium (K + ) content, and K + /Na + ratio in treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Two mM putrescine increased flower diameter, internodal length, and leaf water content.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2 mM PUT treatment also had the greatest effect on increasing fresh and dry biomass, number and surface area of leaves, flower diameter, internodal length, leaf relative water content, protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, leaf potassium (K + ) content, and K + /Na + ratio in treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Two mM putrescine increased leaf protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2 mM PUT treatment also had the greatest effect on increasing fresh and dry biomass, number and surface area of leaves, flower diameter, internodal length, leaf relative water content, protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, leaf potassium (K + ) content, and K + /Na + ratio in treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Two mM putrescine increased leaf potassium and potassium-to-sodium ratio.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2 mM PUT treatment also had the greatest effect on increasing fresh and dry biomass, number and surface area of leaves, flower diameter, internodal length, leaf relative water content, protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, leaf potassium (K + ) content, and K + /Na + ratio in treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Two mM putrescine decreased electrolyte leakage, sodium, and hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment of 2 mM PUT decreased the electrolyte leakage, leaf sodium (Na + ) content, H 2 O 2 , malondialdehyde, and proline content”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Two mM putrescine decreased malondialdehyde and proline.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment of 2 mM PUT decreased the electrolyte leakage, leaf sodium (Na + ) content, H 2 O 2 , malondialdehyde, and proline content”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased CAT, POD, and SOD activity under salinity.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT treatments increased the activity of defense-related enzymes including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), and reduced the abscisic acid (ABA) content while increased the level of gibberellin (GA) content compared to untreated samples under all different levels of salinity stress”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased PAL activity under salinity.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT treatments increased the activity of defense-related enzymes including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), and reduced the abscisic acid (ABA) content while increased the level of gibberellin (GA) content compared to untreated samples under all different levels of salinity stress”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine reduced ABA content under salinity.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT treatments increased the activity of defense-related enzymes including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), and reduced the abscisic acid (ABA) content while increased the level of gibberellin (GA) content compared to untreated samples under all different levels of salinity stress”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased gibberellin content under salinity.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse0e1e2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT treatments increased the activity of defense-related enzymes including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), and reduced the abscisic acid (ABA) content while increased the level of gibberellin (GA) content compared to untreated samples under all different levels of salinity stress”
e1“Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers”
e2“PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants”
e3“treated plants compared to untreated control plants”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · growth · Zinnia elegans (garden zinnia)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.