Abstract
Zinnia elegans , because of its economic value and the hardiness of its wild relatives, was selected as a potential salt-tolerant cut flower crop to grow in greenhouse systems using recycled agricultural wastewater. Using recycled wastewater for irrigation of cut flowers provides an alternative to high-quality water. This is especially important in coastal and inland growing regions of California where competition for high-quality water is increasing between urban and agricultural users and provides economic and environmental benefits because groundwater contamination is reduced or even prevented. A completely randomized design was used to determine the effects of water ionic composition and salinity on the growth and leaf mineral composition of Zinnia elegans . Two cultivars (Benary's Giant Salmon Rose and Benary's Giant Golden Yellow) were grown under irrigation with two different water ionic compositions mimicking dilutions of sea water (SWD) and concentrations of Colorado River water (CRW) at increasing salinity levels with electrical conductivities of 2.5 (control), 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 dS·m −1 in greenhouse sand tanks in Riverside, CA. Leaf mineral concentrations were determined for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), total sulfur (S), and total phosphorus (P). At harvest, final plant measurements included time to flowering, stem length, stem diameter (recorded at the soil line), internode length (recorded at the middle of the stem), inflorescence diameter, ray length, plant shoot fresh weight, number of leaves per plant, and number of shoots per plant. For both cultivars, plant tissue concentrations of Mg, Cl, Na, and total S increased as salinity increased in the irrigation water. Conversely, plant tissue concentrations of Ca, K, and total P decreased as salinity increased in the irrigation water. Both cultivars demonstrated high selectivity for K over Na as salinity increased in CRW and SWD with ‘Golden Yellow’ demonstrating a higher selectivity than ‘Salmon Rose’. Additionally, measured growth parameters tended to decrease as salinity increased in both irrigation water types for both cultivars. Stem lengths of 79 cm and 51 cm were found for ‘Salmon Rose' growing in 10 dS·m −1 in concentrations of CRW and SWD, respectively. ‘Golden Yellow' produced stem lengths of 74 cm and 46 cm in 10 dS·m −1 in response to concentrations of CRW and SWD, respectively. Inflorescence diameters of both cultivars approximated 8.0 cm at the highest salinity for both water types. Although significant differences were found, the minimum of 46 cm indicates that marketable flowers can be produced using both water types at least as high as 10 dS·m −1 .
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue Mg, Cl and Na concentrations increased with irrigation salinity.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegans
Zinnia eleganst0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- plant tissue concentrations of Mg, Cl, Nae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant tissue concentrations of Mg, Cl, Na, and total S increased as salinity increased in the irrigation water”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue total S increased with irrigation salinity.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- total Se0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant tissue concentrations of Mg, Cl, Na, and total S increased as salinity increased in the irrigation water”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue Ca, K and total P decreased with irrigation salinity.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- plant tissue concentrations of Ca, K, and total Pe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant tissue concentrations of Ca, K, and total P decreased as salinity increased in the irrigation water”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cultivars selectively accumulated K over Na as salinity increased.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- selectivity for K over Nae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both cultivars demonstrated high selectivity for K over Na as salinity increased in CRW and SWD”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Yellow had higher K over Na selectivity than Salmon Rose.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Material
- ‘Golden Yellow’e0
- Outcome
- selectivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ‘Salmon Rose’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Golden Yellow’ demonstrating a higher selectivity than ‘Salmon Rose’”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Measured growth parameters tended to decrease as salinity rose in both water types and cultivars.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- measured growth parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- tended toe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“measured growth parameters tended to decrease as salinity increased in both irrigation water types for both cultivars”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Salmon Rose stems were 79 cm under 10 dS·m −1 CRW.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Material
- ‘Salmon Rose'e0
- Treatment
- 10 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- Stem lengthse0
- Value
- 79 cme0
- Qualifier
- CRWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem lengths of 79 cm and 51 cm were found for ‘Salmon Rose' growing in 10 dS·m −1 in concentrations of CRW and SWD, respectively”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Salmon Rose stems were 51 cm under 10 dS·m −1 SWD.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Material
- ‘Salmon Rose'e0
- Treatment
- 10 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- Stem lengthse0
- Value
- 51 cme0
- Qualifier
- SWDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem lengths of 79 cm and 51 cm were found for ‘Salmon Rose' growing in 10 dS·m −1 in concentrations of CRW and SWD, respectively”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Yellow stems were 74 cm under 10 dS·m −1 CRW.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Material
- ‘Golden Yellow'e0
- Treatment
- 10 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- stem lengthse0
- Value
- 74 cme0
- Qualifier
- CRWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Golden Yellow' produced stem lengths of 74 cm and 46 cm in 10 dS·m −1 in response to concentrations of CRW and SWD, respectively”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Yellow stems were 46 cm under 10 dS·m −1 SWD.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Material
- ‘Golden Yellow'e0
- Treatment
- 10 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- stem lengthse0
- Value
- 46 cme0
- Qualifier
- SWDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Golden Yellow' produced stem lengths of 74 cm and 46 cm in 10 dS·m −1 in response to concentrations of CRW and SWD, respectively”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cultivars had inflorescence diameters near 8.0 cm at highest salinity in both water types.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Treatment
- highest salinitye0
- Outcome
- Inflorescence diameterse0
- Value
- 8.0 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inflorescence diameters of both cultivars approximated 8.0 cm at the highest salinity for both water types”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
Claim · model-written summary
Marketable flowers can be produced with either water type at salinity up to at least 10 dS·m −1.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganst0
- Treatment
- both water typese0
- Outcome
- marketable flowerse0
- Value
- 10 dS·m −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“marketable flowers can be produced using both water types at least as high as 10 dS·m −1”
t0“Zinnia elegans”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · molecular: metabolites · Zinnia elegans (garden zinnia)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · nutrient: content · Zinnia elegans (garden zinnia)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · growth · Zinnia elegans (garden zinnia)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.