Abstract
Nutrient imbalance is one of the prevalent problems in the semi-arid region. The study aimed to investigate the effects of sole and simultaneous application of nitrogen and sulfur on safflower yield in a semi-arid region. A field trial was designed to explore the combined use of sulfur (S0: control, S1 and S2: 25 and 50 kg ha-1 S via sulfur phosphate composites, S3 and S4=: 25 and 50 kg ha-1 of S via elemental sulfur, S5 and S6: 25 and 50 kg ha-1 of S via zinc sulfate) and nitrogen (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1) on the growth and seed production of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in a west of Iran with mesic active calcixerepts soil that had medium to low fertility. The utilization of large amounts of nitrogen greatly increased the height of the first pod from the ground surface (P ≤ 0.05), and the highest amount was recorded in S 6+ N80 conditions (65%). Leaf chlorophyll content was significantly affected by nitrogen consumption (P ≤ 0.01) and the highest chlorophyll was recorded in S4, S5, and S6 treatments having high levels of nitrogen. A similar trend was observed for the canopy width and the application of nitrogen, zinc sulfate, and elemental sulfur could increase this component by 33%. The highest number of heads was achieved with the use of S5 + N80 and S2 + N80, which was 15% more compared to the control. The application S2 + N80 increased seed number in capitulum by 25% over the control. The application of S along with high levels of nitrogen improved the seed yield by 45% (1334 ± 78.35 kg ha-1). However, only the application of sulfur could improve the harvest index (P ≤ 0.05). The results indicated that applying moderate to high amounts of zinc sulfate and elemental sulfur, in combination with N80, enhanced safflower growth characteristics and improved seed yield components, likely due to synergistic interactions between the elements. Altogether the use of zinc sulfate or elemental sulfur as a logical and effective management solution can increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and improve nutritional balance.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Large nitrogen applications increased the height of the first safflower pod, with a maximum of 65% under S 6+ N80.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- S 6+ N80e0
- Outcome
- height of the first pod from the ground surfacee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The utilization of large amounts of nitrogen greatly increased the height of the first pod from the ground surface (P ≤ 0.05), and the highest amount was recorded in S 6+ N80 conditions (65%).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen significantly affected safflower leaf chlorophyll, with the highest content in S4, S5 and S6 at high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- nitrogen consumptione0
- Outcome
- Leaf chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- S4, S5, and S6 treatments having high levels of nitrogene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf chlorophyll content was significantly affected by nitrogen consumption (P ≤ 0.01) and the highest chlorophyll was recorded in S4, S5, and S6 treatments having high levels of nitrogen.”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen, zinc sulfate and elemental sulfur increased safflower canopy width by 33%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- nitrogen, zinc sulfate, and elemental sulfure0
- Outcome
- canopy widthe1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of nitrogen, zinc sulfate, and elemental sulfur could increase this component by 33%”
e1“A similar trend was observed for the canopy width”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
S5 + N80 produced the highest head number, 15% above control.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- S5 + N80e0
- Outcome
- number of headse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest number of heads was achieved with the use of S5 + N80 and S2 + N80, which was 15% more compared to the control.”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
S2 + N80 produced the highest head number, 15% above control.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- S2 + N80e0
- Outcome
- number of headse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest number of heads was achieved with the use of S5 + N80 and S2 + N80, which was 15% more compared to the control.”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
S2 + N80 increased safflower seed number per capitulum by 25% over control.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- S2 + N80e0
- Outcome
- seed number in capitulume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application S2 + N80 increased seed number in capitulum by 25% over the control.”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur with high nitrogen increased safflower seed yield by 45% to 1334 ± 78.35 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- S along with high levels of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 45%e0
- Qualifier
- 1334 ± 78.35 kg ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of S along with high levels of nitrogen improved the seed yield by 45% (1334 ± 78.35 kg ha-1).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur alone significantly improved safflower harvest index.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- application of sulfure0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only the application of sulfur could improve the harvest index (P ≤ 0.05).”
t0“safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend zinc sulfate or elemental sulfur to improve nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nutritional balance.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- zinc sulfate or elemental sulfure0
- Outcome
- increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and improve nutritional balancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of zinc sulfate or elemental sulfur as a logical and effective management solution can increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and improve nutritional balance”
t0“safflower”
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3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.