Abstract
The speedy growth of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO NP) manufacturing due to their wide application in industries has caused concerns due to their increased discharge into the environment from both purposeful and accidental sources. Their presence at an elevated concentration in the environment can cause potential hazards to the plant kingdom, specifically to staple food crops. However, limited research is available to determine the consequences of CuO NPs. The present study aimed to assess the morphological and cytological changes induced by CuO NPs on Pisum sativum L., a key staple food crop. Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm) for 2 h, and their effects on seed germination (SG), radicle length (RL), cell proliferation kinetics (CPK), mitotic index (MI), cell death (CD), micronucleus frequency (MNF), and chromosomal aberration frequency (CAF) were studied. The results indicate a significant reduction in SG, RL, CPK, and MI and a significant dose-dependent increase in CD, MNF, and CAF. CuO NP treatment has led to abnormal meiotic cell division, increased incidence of micronucleus frequency, and chromosomal aberration frequency. Additionally, the CuO NP-treated groups showed an increase in the percentage of aberrant meiotic cells such as laggard (LG), double bridge (DB), stickiness (STC), clumped nuclei (CNi), precocious separation (PS), single bridge (SB), and secondary association (SA). CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows: 55% at 24 h, 60.10% at 48 h, and 65% at 72 h; reductions in RL as follows: 0.55 ± 0.021 cm at 24 h, 0.67 ± 0.01 cm at 48 h, and 0.99 ± 0.02 cm at 72 h; reductions in CPK as follows: 34.98% at prophase, 7.90% at metaphase, 3.5% at anaphase, and 0.97% at telophase. It also led to a 57.45% increase in CD, a 39.87% reduction in MI, and a 60.77% increase in MNF at a higher concentration of 125 ppm. The findings of this study clearly show that CuO NPs have a genotoxic effect on the food crop plant Pisum sativum.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
CuO NP exposure significantly reduced seed germination.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum
Lathyrus oleraceuse1 - Treatment
- CuO NPse1
- Outcome
- SGe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant reduction in SG, RL, CPK, and MI”
e1“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO NP exposure significantly reduced radicle length.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- CuO NPse1
- Outcome
- RLe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant reduction in SG, RL, CPK, and MI”
e1“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO NP exposure significantly reduced cell proliferation kinetics.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- CuO NPse1
- Outcome
- CPKe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant reduction in SG, RL, CPK, and MI”
e1“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO NP exposure significantly reduced mitotic index.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- CuO NPse1
- Outcome
- MIe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant reduction in SG, RL, CPK, and MI”
e1“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO NP exposure significantly increased cell death, micronuclei and chromosome aberrations with dose.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- CuO NPse1
- Outcome
- CD, MNF, and CAFe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant dose-dependent increase in CD, MNF, and CAF”
e1“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO NP treatment caused abnormal meiotic division.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente0
- Outcome
- abnormal meiotic cell divisione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CuO NP treatment has led to abnormal meiotic cell division”
e1“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO NP-treated groups had increased aberrant meiotic cell types.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- CuO NP-treatede0
- Outcome
- percentage of aberrant meiotic cellse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CuO NP-treated groups showed an increase in the percentage of aberrant meiotic cells such as laggard (LG), double bridge (DB), stickiness (STC), clumped nuclei (CNi), precocious separation (PS), single bridge (SB), and secondary association (SA)”
e1“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination was reduced 55% at 24 h.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- SGe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Qualifier
- 24 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in SG as follows: 55% at 24 h, 60.10% at 48 h, and 65% at 72 h”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination was reduced 60.10% at 48 h.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- SGe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 60.10%e0
- Qualifier
- 48 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in SG as follows: 55% at 24 h, 60.10% at 48 h, and 65% at 72 h”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination was reduced 65% at 72 h.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- SGe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 65%e0
- Qualifier
- 72 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in SG as follows: 55% at 24 h, 60.10% at 48 h, and 65% at 72 h”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Radicle length was reduced by 0.55 ± 0.021 cm at 24 h.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- RLe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 0.55 ± 0.021 cme0
- Qualifier
- 24 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in RL as follows: 0.55 ± 0.021 cm at 24 h, 0.67 ± 0.01 cm at 48 h, and 0.99 ± 0.02 cm at 72 h”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Radicle length was reduced by 0.67 ± 0.01 cm at 48 h.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- RLe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 0.67 ± 0.01 cme0
- Qualifier
- 48 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in RL as follows: 0.55 ± 0.021 cm at 24 h, 0.67 ± 0.01 cm at 48 h, and 0.99 ± 0.02 cm at 72 h”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Radicle length was reduced by 0.99 ± 0.02 cm at 72 h.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- RLe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 0.99 ± 0.02 cme0
- Qualifier
- 72 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in RL as follows: 0.55 ± 0.021 cm at 24 h, 0.67 ± 0.01 cm at 48 h, and 0.99 ± 0.02 cm at 72 h”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell proliferation kinetics fell 34.98% at prophase.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Organ / stage
- prophasee0
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- CPKe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 34.98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in CPK as follows: 34.98% at prophase, 7.90% at metaphase, 3.5% at anaphase, and 0.97% at telophase”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell proliferation kinetics fell 7.90% at metaphase.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Organ / stage
- metaphasee0
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- CPKe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 7.90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in CPK as follows: 34.98% at prophase, 7.90% at metaphase, 3.5% at anaphase, and 0.97% at telophase”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell proliferation kinetics fell 3.5% at anaphase.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Organ / stage
- anaphasee0
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- CPKe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 3.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in CPK as follows: 34.98% at prophase, 7.90% at metaphase, 3.5% at anaphase, and 0.97% at telophase”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell proliferation kinetics fell 0.97% at telophase.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Organ / stage
- telophasee0
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- CPKe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 0.97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in CPK as follows: 34.98% at prophase, 7.90% at metaphase, 3.5% at anaphase, and 0.97% at telophase”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
At 125 ppm, CuO NPs increased cell death 57.45%.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- CDe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 57.45%e0
- Qualifier
- 125 ppme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also led to a 57.45% increase in CD, a 39.87% reduction in MI, and a 60.77% increase in MNF at a higher concentration of 125 ppm”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
At 125 ppm, CuO NPs reduced mitotic index 39.87%.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- MIe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 39.87%e0
- Qualifier
- 125 ppme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also led to a 57.45% increase in CD, a 39.87% reduction in MI, and a 60.77% increase in MNF at a higher concentration of 125 ppm”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
At 125 ppm, CuO NPs increased micronucleus frequency 60.77%.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- CuO NP treatmente1
- Outcome
- MNFe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 60.77%e0
- Qualifier
- 125 ppme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also led to a 57.45% increase in CD, a 39.87% reduction in MI, and a 60.77% increase in MNF at a higher concentration of 125 ppm”
e1“CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows”
e2“Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs”
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