Abstract
The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide. However, this crop suffers substantial yield losses due to humid environments, particularly from infestations by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina , which causes charcoal rot disease. This infestation results in significant agronomic losses, affecting both the crop’s growth characteristics and overall yield. Previous research suggests that these losses can be mitigated through environmentally friendly soil amendments, such as biochar, as well as by applying various nanofungicides. This study aims to explore the potential of biochar and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) to reduce the severity of charcoal rot disease and enhance the agronomic traits and yield of mung bean plants affected by this disease. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, applying ZnONPs at three concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg. L − 1 ) via foliar spraying, combined with two levels of biochar (20 g and 40 g per pot). Positive and negative control treatments were also included for comparison. The results demonstrated that applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes. Additionally, this treatment strategy boosted the plants’ disease resistance mechanisms, leading to lower mortality rates and reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 61.7% and 49.23%. Moreover, the treatment positively impacted key growth parameters, increasing total chlorophyll content by 43%, plant height by 47%, and legume count per plant by 80.4%. The application of biochar and ZnONPs also improved seed protein content, reflecting an enhancement in nutritional quality. This study supports the use of biochar and ZnONPs as biostimulants to manage yield losses in mung bean crops affected by charcoal rot disease. The future prospects of using ZnONPs and biochar as treatments in agriculture are promising, as they offer innovative, eco-friendly solutions to enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, paving the way for more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus foliar ZnONPs increased the activities of anti-oxidative defence enzymes in mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung bean
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Vigna radiatae0 - Treatment
- 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPse2
- Outcome
- activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymese2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide”
e2“applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus foliar ZnONPs lowered mortality rates of mung bean infected by Macrophomina phaseolina.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPse2
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae1pathogen - Outcome
- mortality ratese3
- Direction
- lowere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide”
e1“particularly from infestations by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina , which causes charcoal rot disease”
e2“applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes”
e3“lower mortality rates and reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 61.7% and 49.23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus foliar ZnONPs reduced malondialdehyde levels in mung bean by 61.7%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPse2
- Outcome
- levels of malondialdehyde (MDA)e3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 61.7%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide”
e2“applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes”
e3“lower mortality rates and reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 61.7% and 49.23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus foliar ZnONPs reduced hydrogen peroxide in mung bean by 49.23%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPse2
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)e3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 49.23%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide”
e2“applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes”
e3“lower mortality rates and reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 61.7% and 49.23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus foliar ZnONPs increased total chlorophyll content in mung bean by 43%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPse2
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 43%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide”
e2“applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes”
e4“increasing total chlorophyll content by 43%, plant height by 47%, and legume count per plant by 80.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus foliar ZnONPs increased plant height of mung bean by 47%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPse2
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 47%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide”
e2“applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes”
e4“increasing total chlorophyll content by 43%, plant height by 47%, and legume count per plant by 80.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus foliar ZnONPs increased legume count per mung bean plant by 80.4%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPse2
- Outcome
- legume count per plante4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 80.4%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide”
e2“applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L − 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes”
e4“increasing total chlorophyll content by 43%, plant height by 47%, and legume count per plant by 80.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of biochar and ZnONPs improved seed protein content of mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- application of biochar and ZnONPse5
- Outcome
- seed protein contente5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Qualifier
- reflecting an enhancement in nutritional qualitye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mung bean crop ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide”
e5“The application of biochar and ZnONPs also improved seed protein content, reflecting an enhancement in nutritional quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and ZnONPs should be used as biostimulants to manage yield losses in mung bean crops affected by charcoal rot.
- Taxon
- mung bean cropsVigna radiatae6
- Outcome
- use of biochar and ZnONPs as biostimulantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“This study supports the use of biochar and ZnONPs as biostimulants to manage yield losses in mung bean crops affected by charcoal rot disease”
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8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.