Abstract
Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) and biochar are increasingly recognized as sustainable strategies to enhance crop performance; however, their comparative and integrative effects on carbon-water coordination and leaf thermal regulation under soilless substrate conditions remain poorly resolved. We investigated the physiological responses of Vigna radiata L. to bacterial biostimulant (BB), arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, their co-inoculation (BA), and BA combined with biochar (BiB). All treatments enhanced biomass relative to the uninoculated control, but through distinct physiological mechanisms. BB reduced leaf temperature (LT) primarily via increased stomatal conductance and transpiration, supporting higher net photosynthesis. In contrast, AM enhanced plant water status, as reflected by higher relative water content, and maintained intrinsic water-use efficiency comparable to the control but greater than in the other inoculation treatments. The reduction in LT under AM, despite unchanged transpiration, may reflect differences in plant water relations rather than purely evaporative cooling. BA integrated these complementary functions, resulting in the lowest LT, and maximum biomass. BiB further enhanced photosynthetic rate and maintained intrinsic water-use efficiency, although biomass was slightly lower than in BA. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the distinct physiological roles of bacterial and mycorrhizal inoculants, stomatal-driven carbon acquisition versus hydraulic stabilization, become functionally complementary under co-inoculation, enabling coordinated regulation of carbon assimilation, water balance, and leaf thermal dynamics to maximize biomass production. By reducing leaf temperature, PGPMs could contribute to maintaining photosynthetic efficiency under potential heat stress.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments enhanced biomass versus the uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- the uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“All treatments enhanced biomass relative to the uninoculated control”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial biostimulant reduced leaf temperature.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- BBe0
- Outcome
- leaf temperaturee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BB reduced leaf temperature (LT) primarily via increased stomatal conductance and transpiration, supporting higher net photosynthesis”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial biostimulant increased stomatal conductance and transpiration.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- BBe0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and transpiratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BB reduced leaf temperature (LT) primarily via increased stomatal conductance and transpiration, supporting higher net photosynthesis”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial biostimulant supported higher net photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- BBe0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BB reduced leaf temperature (LT) primarily via increased stomatal conductance and transpiration, supporting higher net photosynthesis”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungi increased relative water content.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- AMe0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM enhanced plant water status, as reflected by higher relative water content”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
e1“bacterial biostimulant (BB), arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, their co-inoculation (BA), and BA combined with biochar (BiB)”
Claim · model-written summary
AM maintained water-use efficiency comparable to control but above other inoculation treatments.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- AMe1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- intrinsic water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintained intrinsic water-use efficiency comparable to the control but greater than in the other inoculation treatments”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
e1“bacterial biostimulant (BB), arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, their co-inoculation (BA), and BA combined with biochar (BiB)”
Claim · model-written summary
AM reduced leaf temperature despite unchanged transpiration.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- AMe0
- Outcome
- LTe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in LT under AM, despite unchanged transpiration”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation produced the lowest leaf temperature.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- BAe0
- Outcome
- LTe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BA integrated these complementary functions, resulting in the lowest LT, and maximum biomass”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation produced maximum biomass.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- BAe0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BA integrated these complementary functions, resulting in the lowest LT, and maximum biomass”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding biochar to co-inoculation further enhanced photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- BiBe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- BAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BiB further enhanced photosynthetic rate and maintained intrinsic water-use efficiency, although biomass was slightly lower than in BA”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus co-inoculation maintained intrinsic water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata L.Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- BiBe0
- Outcome
- intrinsic water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BiB further enhanced photosynthetic rate and maintained intrinsic water-use efficiency, although biomass was slightly lower than in BA”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus co-inoculation yielded slightly less biomass than co-inoculation alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biomass was slightly lower than in BA”
t0“Vigna radiata L.”
e1“bacterial biostimulant (BB), arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, their co-inoculation (BA), and BA combined with biochar (BiB)”
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