Abstract
Conventional rice production through puddled transplanted rice-PTR is tillage, water, energy, and capital intensive. Furthermore, it is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. In this regard, Direct seeded rice-DSR can be a potential alternative to PTR for reducing GHGs emissions, while sustaining yields. However, depending upon agroclimatic situation, whether the effect of DSR on GHGs emission and yield are consistent or not, as compared to PTR need a comprehensive analysis. To bridge this knowledge gap, we performed a meta-analysis synthesizing 876 paired measurements from 54-peer-reviewed studies to understand how DSR impacts N 2 O and CH 4 emissions, global warming potential-GWP (heat-trapping potential of greenhouse gases compared to CO 2 ), yield and C-footprint-CF P (environmental impact in CO 2 eq. due to concerned activity). Compared to PTR, DSR decreased CH 4 emissions by 70%, GWP by 37% and CF P by 34%, despite 85% increase in N 2 O emissions. However, this shift comes with 11% decrease in yield. To decipher the primary factors driving these outcomes, we conducted subgroup analyses by taking environmental conditions and management practices as predictors in a random effect model. Low to medium pH soils, zero tillage, puddled soil (wet DSR), conventional flooding, and high nitrogen rates (>200 kg/ha) are found to be favorable for DSR with comparable yields but posing a discrepancy with environmental sustainability benefits. Therefore, further research to evaluate DSR across agro-ecologies, management practices are needed to optimize yields with lower GWP and CF P . • DSR significantly reduced CH 4 emissions by 69.9% over PTR. • DSR showed a substantial increase in N 2 O emissions by 84.6% over PTR. • Overall, DSR reduced GWP by 37% and carbon footprints by ∼34% compared to PTR. • A modest reduction in grain yield of 10.8% was observed in DSR compared to PTR. • DSR adoption across diverse agro-ecologies offers yield-emission co-benefits.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
DSR reduced methane emissions 70% versus PTR.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- DSRe0
- Outcome
- CH 4 emissionse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- PTRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Compared to PTR, DSR decreased CH 4 emissions by 70%, GWP by 37% and CF P by 34%, despite 85% increase in N 2 O emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
DSR reduced GWP 37% versus PTR.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Compared to PTR, DSR decreased CH 4 emissions by 70%, GWP by 37% and CF P by 34%, despite 85% increase in N 2 O emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
DSR reduced carbon footprint 34% versus PTR.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Compared to PTR, DSR decreased CH 4 emissions by 70%, GWP by 37% and CF P by 34%, despite 85% increase in N 2 O emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
DSR increased nitrous oxide emissions 85% versus PTR.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSRe0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Comparator
- PTRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Compared to PTR, DSR decreased CH 4 emissions by 70%, GWP by 37% and CF P by 34%, despite 85% increase in N 2 O emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
DSR reduced yield 11% versus PTR.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Compared to PTR, DSR decreased CH 4 emissions by 70%, GWP by 37% and CF P by 34%, despite 85% increase in N 2 O emissions. However, this shift comes with 11% decrease in yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Several management conditions gave DSR comparable yields but conflicted with environmental benefits.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- zero tillagee0
- Outcome
- comparable yieldse0
- Qualifier
- discrepancy with environmental sustainability benefitse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Low to medium pH soils, zero tillage, puddled soil (wet DSR), conventional flooding, and high nitrogen rates (>200 kg/ha) are found to be favorable for DSR with comparable yields but posing a discrepancy with environmental sustainability benefits”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend further DSR research across agro-ecologies and management practices to optimize yield and emissions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- evaluate DSR across agro-ecologies, management practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“further research to evaluate DSR across agro-ecologies, management practices are needed to optimize yields with lower GWP and CF P”
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