Abstract
In many parts of Eastern India that have a very high prevalence of rural poverty and food insecurity, the prevailing rice establishment practice of ‘beushening’ is characterized by low yields and modest profitability, while labor and energy inputs are high. Beushening consists of broadcasting ungerminated rice seed at high rates (>100 kg ha−1) prior to the onset of monsoon rain, followed by ploughing at 4–6 weeks after crop emergence to control weeds with subsequent manual gap filling through seedling redistribution to ensure stand uniformity. Dry-direct seeding of rice (DSR), both drill-DSR and precision broadcast-DSR in combination with integrated weed management (IWM) may offer a pathway for simultaneously reducing costs and markedly increasing productivity. On-farm trials were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in four districts of Odisha (Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, Bhadrak, and Puri) to evaluate the yield and economic performance of dry-DSR (drill and precision broadcast), coupled with herbicide-based IWM strategies, in comparison with conventional beushening. Drill-DSR with IWM increased grain yield by 1.7 t ha−1 in Mayurbhanj and 1.3 t ha−1 in Cuttack, but not in Bhadrak, compared to beushening. The combination of increased yield and lower variable cost in drill-DSR increased net benefit by 550, 395, and 166 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, and Bhadrak, respectively. For farmers without access to seed drills, precision broadcast-DSR with IWM increased yields by 0.91, 1.22 and 0.60 t ha−1, and net benefits by 270, 312, and 188 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Puri, and Bhadrak, respectively. Among the IWM practices evaluated in dry-DSR, application of pretilachlor + safener @ 500 g ai ha−1 as pre-emergence, followed by bispyribac-sodium @ 20 g ai ha−1 at 15–25 days after sowing as post-emergence, and then one spot hand weeding at 30–35 days after sowing was effective in controlling weeds. These results suggest that rice yield gaps in eastern India can be reduced, and farmers’ income from rice can be increased by more than 50 % by replacing beushening with drill-DSR or precision broadcast-DSR. The results could be applicable to approximately 6.4 million ha of lowland rice where beushening is currently practiced in Eastern India.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Drill direct seeding with integrated weed management increased rice grain yield by 1.7 t ha−1 in Mayurbhanj relative to beushening.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Drill-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.7 t ha−1e0
- Comparator
- beusheninge0
- Setting
- Mayurbhanje0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drill-DSR with IWM increased grain yield by 1.7 t ha−1 in Mayurbhanj and 1.3 t ha−1 in Cuttack, but not in Bhadrak, compared to beushening”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Drill direct seeding with integrated weed management increased rice grain yield by 1.3 t ha−1 in Cuttack relative to beushening.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Drill-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.3 t ha−1e0
- Comparator
- beusheninge0
- Setting
- Cuttacke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drill-DSR with IWM increased grain yield by 1.7 t ha−1 in Mayurbhanj and 1.3 t ha−1 in Cuttack, but not in Bhadrak, compared to beushening”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Drill direct seeding with integrated weed management did not increase grain yield in Bhadrak relative to beushening.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Drill-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- but note0
- Comparator
- beusheninge0
- Setting
- Bhadrake0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drill-DSR with IWM increased grain yield by 1.7 t ha−1 in Mayurbhanj and 1.3 t ha−1 in Cuttack, but not in Bhadrak, compared to beushening”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Drill direct seeding increased net benefit by 550 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- drill-DSRe0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 550e0
- Setting
- Mayurbhanje0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drill-DSR increased net benefit by 550, 395, and 166 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Drill direct seeding increased net benefit by 395 US$ ha−1 in Cuttack.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- drill-DSRe0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 395e0
- Setting
- Cuttacke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drill-DSR increased net benefit by 550, 395, and 166 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Drill direct seeding increased net benefit by 166 US$ ha−1 in Bhadrak.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- drill-DSRe0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 166 US$ ha−1e0
- Setting
- Bhadrake0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drill-DSR increased net benefit by 550, 395, and 166 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision broadcast direct seeding with integrated weed management increased yield by 0.91 t ha−1 in Mayurbhanj.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- precision broadcast-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.91e0
- Setting
- Mayurbhanje0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“precision broadcast-DSR with IWM increased yields by 0.91, 1.22 and 0.60 t ha−1, and net benefits by 270, 312, and 188 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Puri, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision broadcast direct seeding with integrated weed management increased yield by 1.22 t ha−1 in Puri.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- precision broadcast-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.22e0
- Setting
- Purie0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“precision broadcast-DSR with IWM increased yields by 0.91, 1.22 and 0.60 t ha−1, and net benefits by 270, 312, and 188 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Puri, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision broadcast direct seeding with integrated weed management increased yield by 0.60 t ha−1 in Bhadrak.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- precision broadcast-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.60 t ha−1e0
- Setting
- Bhadrake0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“precision broadcast-DSR with IWM increased yields by 0.91, 1.22 and 0.60 t ha−1, and net benefits by 270, 312, and 188 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Puri, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision broadcast direct seeding increased net benefit by 270 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- precision broadcast-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- net benefitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 270e0
- Setting
- Mayurbhanje0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“precision broadcast-DSR with IWM increased yields by 0.91, 1.22 and 0.60 t ha−1, and net benefits by 270, 312, and 188 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Puri, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision broadcast direct seeding increased net benefit by 312 US$ ha−1 in Puri.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- precision broadcast-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- net benefitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 312e0
- Setting
- Purie0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“precision broadcast-DSR with IWM increased yields by 0.91, 1.22 and 0.60 t ha−1, and net benefits by 270, 312, and 188 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Puri, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision broadcast direct seeding increased net benefit by 188 US$ ha−1 in Bhadrak.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- precision broadcast-DSR with IWMe0
- Outcome
- net benefitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 188 US$ ha−1e0
- Setting
- Bhadrake0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“precision broadcast-DSR with IWM increased yields by 0.91, 1.22 and 0.60 t ha−1, and net benefits by 270, 312, and 188 US$ ha−1 in Mayurbhanj, Puri, and Bhadrak, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The pretilachlor, bispyribac and hand weeding sequence effectively controlled weeds in direct seeded rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pretilachlor + safener @ 500 g ai ha−1 as pre-emergence, followed by bispyribac-sodium @ 20 g ai ha−1 at 15–25 days after sowing as post-emergence, and then one spot hand weeding at 30–35 days after sowinge0
- Outcome
- controlling weedse0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of pretilachlor + safener @ 500 g ai ha−1 as pre-emergence, followed by bispyribac-sodium @ 20 g ai ha−1 at 15–25 days after sowing as post-emergence, and then one spot hand weeding at 30–35 days after sowing was effective in controlling weeds”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that replacing beushening with direct seeding can reduce rice yield gaps.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- replacing beushening with drill-DSR or precision broadcast-DSRe0
- Outcome
- rice yield gapse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- eastern Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice yield gaps in eastern India can be reduced, and farmers’ income from rice can be increased by more than 50 % by replacing beushening with drill-DSR or precision broadcast-DSR”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that replacing beushening with direct seeding can increase farmers’ rice income by more than 50 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- replacing beushening with drill-DSR or precision broadcast-DSRe0
- Outcome
- farmers’ income from ricee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- more than 50 %e0
- Setting
- eastern Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice yield gaps in eastern India can be reduced, and farmers’ income from rice can be increased by more than 50 % by replacing beushening with drill-DSR or precision broadcast-DSR”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors estimate the results could apply to approximately 6.4 million ha of lowland rice in Eastern India.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- applicablee0
- Value
- approximately 6.4 million hae0
- Qualifier
- could bee0
- Setting
- Eastern Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results could be applicable to approximately 6.4 million ha of lowland rice where beushening is currently practiced in Eastern India”
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