Abstract
The use of biological plant protection products is promising for agriculture. In particular, chitosan-based biopesticides have become widespread for stimulating growth and protecting plants from a wide range of pathogens. Novochizol is a product obtained by intramolecular cross-linking of linear chitosan molecules and has a globular shape, which provides it with a number of advantages over chitosan. Novochizol has previously been shown to have a stimulating effect on the growth and development of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the effect of this preparation on the protective mechanisms against rust diseases has not been studied before. Our studies have revealed the dose effect of the preparation on the development of stem rust of wheat. When treating plants with novochizol at a concentration of 0.125% four days before infection, the best results were obtained, namely: a stable reaction was observed and the number of pustules decreased. To identify critical points of the drug’s effect on the protective mechanism against stem rust, we used an adrenaline test, which allows for a quick assessment of the pro/antioxidant status of plant extracts. We also assessed the activity of the major antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase and catalase, using commercial kits and the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction to assess the concentration of phenolic compounds. As a result, two stages were identified in infected plants pretreated with novochizol: early (up to 10 h after inoculation), characterized by antioxidant activity, and late (10–244 h), with prooxidant activity. These stages correspond to two peaks of accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to pathogen infection. The first peak is associated with the accumulation of superoxide anion O2−, which is converted into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide under the action of the enzyme SOD (superoxide dismutase). The second peak is associated with the accumulation of H2O2. Hydrogen peroxide performs a protective function leading to the death of pathogen mycelial cells. In comparison with infected plants without novochizol treatment, we found a decrease in the activity of catalase (an enzyme that breaks down H2O2) at both stages, as well as peroxidase in the interval from 10 to 144 h after inoculation. Also, an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds was found in the treated infected plants. We suggest that these changes under the influence of pretreatment with novochizol contribute to enhancements in plant defense functions against stem rust. Taking into account the physicochemical advantages of novochizol over chitosan, which provide a very low effective dose of the drug, the obtained results indicate its promise and safety as a biological plant protection product. This work is a preliminary stage for an extended analysis of the effect of novochizol on plant immunity using biochemical and molecular genetic approaches.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment with novochizol at 0.125% four days before infection gave a stable reaction of wheat to stem rust.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- novochizol at a concentration of 0.125%e2
- Interactor
- Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici
Puccinia graminis f. sp. triticit0pathogen - Outcome
- stable reactione2
- Qualifier
- four days before infectione2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Stem Rust Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Wheat”
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e2“When treating plants with novochizol at a concentration of 0.125% four days before infection, the best results were obtained, namely: a stable reaction was observed and the number of pustules decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment with novochizol at 0.125% decreased the number of stem rust pustules on wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- novochizol at a concentration of 0.125%e2
- Interactor
- Puccinia graminis f. sp. triticiPuccinia graminis f. sp. triticit0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of pustulese2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Stem Rust Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Wheat”
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e2“When treating plants with novochizol at a concentration of 0.125% four days before infection, the best results were obtained, namely: a stable reaction was observed and the number of pustules decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Novochizol-pretreated infected wheat had lower catalase activity than infected plants without novochizol at both stages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- novochizole5
- Gene
- catalasee5
- Outcome
- activity of catalasee5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Qualifier
- at both stagese5
- Comparator
- infected plants without novochizol treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e5“In comparison with infected plants without novochizol treatment, we found a decrease in the activity of catalase (an enzyme that breaks down H2O2) at both stages, as well as peroxidase in the interval from 10 to 144 h after inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Novochizol-pretreated infected wheat had lower peroxidase activity than infected plants without novochizol from 10 to 144 h after inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- novochizole5
- Gene
- peroxidasee5
- Outcome
- peroxidasee5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Qualifier
- in the interval from 10 to 144 h after inoculatione5
- Comparator
- infected plants without novochizol treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e5“In comparison with infected plants without novochizol treatment, we found a decrease in the activity of catalase (an enzyme that breaks down H2O2) at both stages, as well as peroxidase in the interval from 10 to 144 h after inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Novochizol-treated infected wheat showed an increase in phenolic compound concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- novochizole2
- Outcome
- concentration of phenolic compoundse6
- Direction
- increasee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e2“When treating plants with novochizol at a concentration of 0.125% four days before infection, the best results were obtained, namely: a stable reaction was observed and the number of pustules decreased”
e6“an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds was found in the treated infected plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In novochizol-pretreated infected wheat, an early stage up to 10 h after inoculation was characterized by antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- novochizole7
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye7
- Qualifier
- early (up to 10 h after inoculation)e7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e7“two stages were identified in infected plants pretreated with novochizol: early (up to 10 h after inoculation), characterized by antioxidant activity, and late (10–244 h), with prooxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
In novochizol-pretreated infected wheat, a late stage from 10 to 244 h after inoculation was characterized by prooxidant activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- novochizole7
- Outcome
- prooxidant activitye7
- Qualifier
- late (10–244 h)e7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e7“two stages were identified in infected plants pretreated with novochizol: early (up to 10 h after inoculation), characterized by antioxidant activity, and late (10–244 h), with prooxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The first peak of reactive oxygen species in infected wheat is associated with superoxide anion accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- superoxide anion O2−e2
- Outcome
- first peake2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e2“The first peak is associated with the accumulation of superoxide anion O2−”
Claim · model-written summary
The second peak of reactive oxygen species in infected wheat is associated with H2O2 accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- H2O2e2
- Outcome
- second peake2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e2“The second peak is associated with the accumulation of H2O2”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide has a protective function that leads to the death of pathogen mycelial cells.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- Hydrogen peroxidee3
- Outcome
- death of pathogen mycelial cellse3
- Qualifier
- protective functione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e3“Hydrogen peroxide performs a protective function leading to the death of pathogen mycelial cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Novochizol pretreatment is suggested to contribute to enhanced wheat defence functions against stem rust.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- pretreatment with novochizole4
- Interactor
- Puccinia graminis f. sp. triticiPuccinia graminis f. sp. triticit0pathogen
- Outcome
- enhancements in plant defense functions against stem ruste4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
t0“Stem Rust Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Wheat”
e4“We suggest that these changes under the influence of pretreatment with novochizol contribute to enhancements in plant defense functions against stem rust”
Claim · model-written summary
Novochizol shows promise and safety as a biological plant protection product at a very low effective dose.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- novochizole5
- Outcome
- promise and safety as a biological plant protection producte5
- Qualifier
- a very low effective dosee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the development of stem rust of wheat”
e5“Taking into account the physicochemical advantages of novochizol over chitosan, which provide a very low effective dose of the drug, the obtained results indicate its promise and safety as a biological plant protection product”