Abstract
Insecticides are used commonly in agricultural production to defend plants, including legumes, from insect pests. It is a known fact that insecticides can have a harmful effect on the legume–rhizobial symbiosis. In this study, the effects of systemic seed treatment insecticide Imidor Pro (imidacloprid) and foliar insecticide Faskord (alpha-cypermethrin) on the structural organization of pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules and their transcriptomic activity were investigated. The plants were treated as recommended by the manufacturer (10 mg/mL for Imidor Pro and 50 µg/mL for Faskord) and twofold concentrations were used for both insecticides. Insecticides had no visible effect on the growth of pea plants. The nodules also showed no visible changes, except for the variant treated with twofold concentration of Imidor Pro. However, the dry weight of shoots and roots differed significantly in insecticide-treated plants compared to untreated plants in almost all treatments. The number of nodules decreased in variants with Imidor Pro treatment. At the ultrastructural level, both insecticides caused cell wall deformation, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in bacteroids, expansion of the peribacteroid space in symbiosomes, and inclusions in vacuoles. Treatment with Faskord caused chromatin condensation in nucleus. Imidor Pro treatment caused hypertrophy of infection droplets by increasing the amount of matrix, as confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis of extensins. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of expression of a number of extensin-like protein-coding genes in nodules after the Imidor Pro treatment. Overall, both insecticides caused some minor changes in the legume–rhizobial system when used at recommended doses, but Faskord, an enteric contact insecticide, has fewer negative effects on symbiotic nodules and legume plants; of these two insecticides, it is preferred in pea agricultural production.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The insecticides had no visible effect on pea growth.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- Insecticidese0
- Outcome
- growth of pea plantse0
- Direction
- no visible effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticides had no visible effect on the growth of pea plants.”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodules showed no visible changes except under double-dose Imidor Pro.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- twofold concentration of Imidor Proe0
- Outcome
- nodulese0
- Direction
- no visible changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nodules also showed no visible changes, except for the variant treated with twofold concentration of Imidor Pro.”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot dry weight differed significantly with insecticide treatment in almost all treatments.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- insecticide-treatede0
- Outcome
- dry weight of shootse0
- Qualifier
- almost all treatmentse0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dry weight of shoots and roots differed significantly in insecticide-treated plants compared to untreated plants in almost all treatments”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dry weight differed significantly with insecticide treatment in almost all treatments.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- insecticide-treatede0
- Outcome
- dry weight of shoots and rootse0
- Qualifier
- almost all treatmentse0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dry weight of shoots and roots differed significantly in insecticide-treated plants compared to untreated plants in almost all treatments”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidor Pro reduced nodule number.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Imidor Pro treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of nodules decreased in variants with Imidor Pro treatment.”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Both insecticides caused cell wall deformation, bacteroid poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation, peribacteroid expansion and vacuolar inclusions.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- both insecticidese0
- Outcome
- cell wall deformation, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in bacteroids, expansion of the peribacteroid space in symbiosomes, and inclusions in vacuolese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both insecticides caused cell wall deformation, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in bacteroids, expansion of the peribacteroid space in symbiosomes, and inclusions in vacuoles”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Faskord caused nuclear chromatin condensation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Faskorde0
- Outcome
- chromatin condensation in nucleuse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with Faskord caused chromatin condensation in nucleus.”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidor Pro caused hypertrophy of infection droplets and increased matrix.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Imidor Pro treatmente0
- Outcome
- infection dropletse0
- Direction
- hypertrophye0
- Qualifier
- increasing the amount of matrixe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Imidor Pro treatment caused hypertrophy of infection droplets by increasing the amount of matrix”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidor Pro increased expression of extensin-like protein-coding genes in nodules.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- nodulese0
- Treatment
- Imidor Pro treatmente0
- Gene
- extensin-like protein-coding genese0
- Outcome
- expression of a number of extensin-like protein-coding genese0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of expression of a number of extensin-like protein-coding genes in nodules after the Imidor Pro treatment”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
At recommended doses, both insecticides caused minor changes in the legume–rhizobial system.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- both insecticidese0
- Outcome
- minor changes in the legume–rhizobial systeme0
- Qualifier
- recommended dosese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both insecticides caused some minor changes in the legume–rhizobial system when used at recommended doses”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Faskord caused fewer negative effects than Imidor Pro and is preferred for pea production.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- Faskorde0
- Outcome
- preferred in pea agricultural productione0
- Comparator
- these two insecticidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Faskord, an enteric contact insecticide, has fewer negative effects on symbiotic nodules and legume plants; of these two insecticides, it is preferred in pea agricultural production.”
t0“Effect of Insecticides Imidacloprid and Alpha-Cypermethrin on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodules”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules”
The same questions in other papers
insecticide · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
insecticide · cytology · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.