Abstract
Nitrogen (N) –loaded clinoptilolite is renowned for its high–water retention and nutrient supplementation properties, which benefit crop growth. However, its combined effects with water–saving irrigation regime on N mineralization, root system characteristics, and nutrient yield, particularly their regulatory pathways, remain underexplored. This two–year split–plot experiment evaluated the impact of two irrigation regimes (I CF : continuous flooding irrigation; I AWD : alternate wet–dry irrigation) and two rates of N–loaded clinoptilolite (NZ 0 : no N–loaded clinoptilolite; NZ 10 : 10 t·ha –1 ) on root characteristics, mineralized N, nutrient yield, and water productivity. We employed principal component analysis (PCA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the interactions among the factors. The I AWD NZ 10 treatment showed the greatest water–saving potential, increasing the irrigated area by 0.29–fold compared to I CF NZ 0 . N–loaded clinoptilolite under I AWD increased root surface area by 12.6 %, average root diameter by 14.2 %, and root volume by 13.8 %. Additionally, I AWD increased mineralized N by 22.4 %, while N–loaded clinoptilolite further boosted it by 34.7 %. Root characteristics (r = 0.78) were crucial mediators in the effect of N–loaded clinoptilolite on protein (r = 0.64) and amylose nutritional yield (r = 0.68). Water usage influenced protein (r = -0.93) and amylose nutritional water productivity (r =-0.67) indirectly via chalky rice rate (r =0.90). In summary, integrating N–loaded clinoptilolite with the I AWD regime not only enhanced rice root characteristics and mineralized N but also led to substantial increases in nutrient yield and water productivity. These findings underscore the potential for N–loaded clinoptilolite to be adopted as a key component in sustainable agricultural practices, offering a pathway to optimize resource use, reduce environmental impact, and improve crop productivity in water–limited regions. • Root characteristics are the most direct factor affecting nutrient yield. • Chalky rice rate is the most direct factor affecting nutrient water productivity. • N–loaded clinoptilolite primarily positively affected nutrient yield. • Water usage mainly negatively affected nutrient water productivity. • N–loaded clinoptilolite indirectly boosted nutrient water productivity by enhancing mineralized N.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The combined I AWD NZ 10 treatment increased irrigated area by 0.29-fold relative to I CF NZ 0.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- I AWD NZ 10e0
- Outcome
- irrigated areae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 0.29–folde0
- Comparator
- I CF NZ 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The I AWD NZ 10 treatment showed the greatest water–saving potential, increasing the irrigated area by 0.29–fold compared to I CF NZ 0 .”
Claim · model-written summary
N-loaded clinoptilolite under I AWD increased root surface area by 12.6 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- N–loaded clinoptilolite under I AWDe0
- Outcome
- root surface areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.6 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“N–loaded clinoptilolite under I AWD increased root surface area by 12.6 %, average root diameter by 14.2 %, and root volume by 13.8 %.”
Claim · model-written summary
N-loaded clinoptilolite under I AWD increased average root diameter by 14.2 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N–loaded clinoptilolite under I AWDe0
- Outcome
- average root diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.2 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“N–loaded clinoptilolite under I AWD increased root surface area by 12.6 %, average root diameter by 14.2 %, and root volume by 13.8 %.”
Claim · model-written summary
N-loaded clinoptilolite under I AWD increased root volume by 13.8 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N–loaded clinoptilolite under I AWDe0
- Outcome
- root volumee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.8 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“N–loaded clinoptilolite under I AWD increased root surface area by 12.6 %, average root diameter by 14.2 %, and root volume by 13.8 %.”
Claim · model-written summary
I AWD increased mineralized N by 22.4 %.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“I AWD increased mineralized N by 22.4 %, while N–loaded clinoptilolite further boosted it by 34.7 %.”
Claim · model-written summary
N-loaded clinoptilolite further increased mineralized N by 34.7 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N–loaded clinoptilolitee0
- Outcome
- mineralized Ne0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Value
- 34.7 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“I AWD increased mineralized N by 22.4 %, while N–loaded clinoptilolite further boosted it by 34.7 %.”
Claim · model-written summary
Root characteristics mediated the clinoptilolite effect on protein nutritional yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N–loaded clinoptilolitee0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Value
- r = 0.64e0
- Qualifier
- Root characteristicse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Root characteristics (r = 0.78) were crucial mediators in the effect of N–loaded clinoptilolite on protein (r = 0.64) and amylose nutritional yield (r = 0.68).”
Claim · model-written summary
Root characteristics mediated the clinoptilolite effect on amylose nutritional yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N–loaded clinoptilolitee0
- Outcome
- amylose nutritional yielde0
- Value
- r = 0.68e0
- Qualifier
- Root characteristicse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Root characteristics (r = 0.78) were crucial mediators in the effect of N–loaded clinoptilolite on protein (r = 0.64) and amylose nutritional yield (r = 0.68).”
Claim · model-written summary
Water usage was negatively related to protein nutritional water productivity through chalky rice rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water usagee0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Value
- r = -0.93e0
- Qualifier
- chalky rice ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Water usage influenced protein (r = -0.93) and amylose nutritional water productivity (r =-0.67) indirectly via chalky rice rate (r =0.90).”
Claim · model-written summary
Water usage was negatively related to amylose nutritional water productivity through chalky rice rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water usagee0
- Outcome
- amylose nutritional water productivitye0
- Value
- r =-0.67e0
- Qualifier
- chalky rice ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Water usage influenced protein (r = -0.93) and amylose nutritional water productivity (r =-0.67) indirectly via chalky rice rate (r =0.90).”
Claim · model-written summary
N-loaded clinoptilolite positively affected nutrient yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N–loaded clinoptilolitee0
- Outcome
- nutrient yielde0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“N–loaded clinoptilolite primarily positively affected nutrient yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water usage negatively affected nutrient water productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water usagee0
- Outcome
- nutrient water productivitye0
- Direction
- negativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Water usage mainly negatively affected nutrient water productivity.”
Claim · model-written summary
N-loaded clinoptilolite indirectly boosted nutrient water productivity by enhancing mineralized N.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N–loaded clinoptilolitee0
- Outcome
- nutrient water productivitye0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Qualifier
- mineralized Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“N–loaded clinoptilolite indirectly boosted nutrient water productivity by enhancing mineralized N.”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
221 papers in the same direction as this paper · 62 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
- negative
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