Abstract
A green and efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was developed to acquire flavonoids from Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers. Among 14 DESs synthesized from choline chloride and different hydrogen bond donors, choline chloride:ethylene glycol (1:2) was identified as the best for flavonoid extraction. Response surface methodology , adopted for parameter optimization of the DES-UAE method, revealed that the maximal total flavonoid content (TFC), at 37.41 ± 1.32 mg rutin equivalents/g dry mass , was extracted at 50 °C, a DES water content of 16 %, and 85 W ultrasonic power. DES-UAE increased the TFC and the antioxidant capacity of the extract while reducing the time, temperature, and ultrasonic power required for extraction when compared with conventional extraction techniques. HPLC analysis revealed that the replacement of DES for ethanol in UAE increased the contents of individual flavonoids of interest (quercetagitrin, patulitrin, patuletin , and quercetin) in the extracts in a range from 9.4 % to 24.4 %. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, assessed using a lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation model, was substantially higher after using DES-UAE than after using traditional methods. The flavonoids present in the extract may be responsible for most of the anti-inflammatory activity of the R. hirta extract. In summary, DES-UAE is a sustainable and high-performance extraction procedure for the extraction of natural flavonoids from plants. Moreover, R. hirta can be regarded as a good resource for the isolation of natural anti-inflammatory agents and flavonoids .
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Choline chloride:ethylene glycol (1:2) was the best of 14 DESs for flavonoid extraction from Rudbeckia hirta flowers.
- Taxon
- Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia hirtae0 - Compound
- choline chloride:ethylene glycol (1:2)e1
- Outcome
- flavonoid extractione1
- Direction
- beste1
- Comparator
- 14 DESse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers”
e1“Among 14 DESs synthesized from choline chloride and different hydrogen bond donors, choline chloride:ethylene glycol (1:2) was identified as the best for flavonoid extraction”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimized DES-UAE gave a maximal total flavonoid content of 37.41 ± 1.32 mg rutin equivalents/g dry mass in Rudbeckia hirta flowers.
- Taxon
- Rudbeckia hirtaRudbeckia hirtae0
- Outcome
- total flavonoid content (TFC)e2
- Value
- 37.41 ± 1.32 mg rutin equivalents/g dry masse2
- Qualifier
- 50 °C, a DES water content of 16 %, and 85 W ultrasonic powere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers”
e2“the maximal total flavonoid content (TFC), at 37.41 ± 1.32 mg rutin equivalents/g dry mass , was extracted at 50 °C, a DES water content of 16 %, and 85 W ultrasonic power”
Claim · model-written summary
DES-UAE increased the total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of Rudbeckia hirta flower extract compared with conventional extraction.
- Taxon
- Rudbeckia hirtaRudbeckia hirtae0
- Treatment
- DES-UAEe3
- Outcome
- the TFC and the antioxidant capacity of the extracte3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- conventional extraction techniquese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers”
e3“DES-UAE increased the TFC and the antioxidant capacity of the extract while reducing the time, temperature, and ultrasonic power required for extraction when compared with conventional extraction techniques”
Claim · model-written summary
DES-UAE reduced the time, temperature and ultrasonic power required for extraction compared with conventional techniques.
- Taxon
- Rudbeckia hirtaRudbeckia hirtae0
- Treatment
- DES-UAEe3
- Outcome
- time, temperature, and ultrasonic power required for extractione3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Comparator
- conventional extraction techniquese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers”
e3“DES-UAE increased the TFC and the antioxidant capacity of the extract while reducing the time, temperature, and ultrasonic power required for extraction when compared with conventional extraction techniques”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing ethanol with DES in UAE increased the contents of quercetagitrin, patulitrin, patuletin and quercetin by 9.4 % to 24.4 %.
- Taxon
- Rudbeckia hirtaRudbeckia hirtae0
- Treatment
- replacement of DES for ethanol in UAEe4
- Outcome
- contents of individual flavonoids of intereste4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 9.4 % to 24.4 %e4
- Qualifier
- quercetagitrin, patulitrin, patuletin , and quercetine4
- Comparator
- ethanol in UAEe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers”
e4“HPLC analysis revealed that the replacement of DES for ethanol in UAE increased the contents of individual flavonoids of interest (quercetagitrin, patulitrin, patuletin , and quercetin) in the extracts in a range from 9.4 % to 24.4 %”
Claim · model-written summary
DES-UAE gave substantially higher anti-inflammatory activity of the Rudbeckia hirta extract than traditional methods in a lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage model.
- Taxon
- Rudbeckia hirtaRudbeckia hirtae0
- Treatment
- DES-UAEe5
- Outcome
- anti-inflammatory activity of the extracte5
- Direction
- highere5
- Qualifier
- lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation modele5
- Comparator
- traditional methodse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers”
e5“The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, assessed using a lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation model, was substantially higher after using DES-UAE than after using traditional methods”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoids in the R. hirta extract may be responsible for most of its anti-inflammatory activity.
- Taxon
- R. hirtaRudbeckia hirtae6
- Compound
- flavonoidse6
- Outcome
- anti-inflammatory activitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers”
e6“The flavonoids present in the extract may be responsible for most of the anti-inflammatory activity of the R. hirta extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Rudbeckia hirta is a good resource for isolating natural anti-inflammatory agents and flavonoids.
- Taxon
- R. hirtaRudbeckia hirtae7
- Outcome
- resource for the isolation of natural anti-inflammatory agents and flavonoidse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“R. hirta can be regarded as a good resource for the isolation of natural anti-inflammatory agents and flavonoids”