Abstract
Radiation source and spectrum are important drivers for plant primary and secondary metabolism. There is great interest in understanding how light source and light emitting diode (LED) spectra affect the quality and nutritional profile of nutrient-dense crops such as microgreens. In this study, amaranth microgreens were cultivated under controlled environment using various light conditions: sole source LED red:green:blue (R:G:B) at the ratio of 70:10:20, R:B at 80:20, white (W), or ambient light (greenhouse solar radiation). Microgreen samples were extracted and analyzed for phenolics, carotenoids, and widely targeted metabolomic profiling via LC-MS/MS. Comprehensive metabolomic analyses revealed the presence of 9 vitamins, 6 carotenoids, 17 phenolics, 22 amino acids, 5 nucleosides, 5 sugars and 4 organic acids. When grown under LED treatments, including R:B, R:G:B and W, the microgreens exhibited enhancements in red color (greater hue and/or a*) and shorter hypocotyl length. Notably, microgreens treated with R:B and R:G:B contained higher levels of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, but lower levels of phenolic compounds and B vitamins. Microgreens grown under R:B also demonstrated higher sugars and acids compared to W and ambient light. However, amaranth cultivated under R:B and R:G:B exhibited lower amino acid and nucleoside content, which are known to contribute to nutritive values for human consumption. In the current study, R:B and R:G:B did not stimulate higher total phytonutrient production in amaranth suggesting further research testing higher G ratios (11%-20%) and different light intensities and exposure times are needed.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic analysis identified nine vitamins, six carotenoids, and seventeen phenolics.
- Taxon
- amaranth
.JPG?width=60)
Amaranthus caudatust0 - Outcome
- 9 vitamins, 6 carotenoids, 17 phenolicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Comprehensive metabolomic analyses revealed the presence of 9 vitamins, 6 carotenoids, 17 phenolics, 22 amino acids, 5 nucleosides, 5 sugars and 4 organic acids.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic analysis identified twenty-two amino acids, five nucleosides, and five sugars.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatust0
- Outcome
- 22 amino acids, 5 nucleosides, 5 sugarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comprehensive metabolomic analyses revealed the presence of 9 vitamins, 6 carotenoids, 17 phenolics, 22 amino acids, 5 nucleosides, 5 sugars and 4 organic acids.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic analysis identified four organic acids.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatust0
- Outcome
- 4 organic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“5 sugars and 4 organic acids.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
LED treatments enhanced red color of amaranth microgreens.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatust0
- Treatment
- LED treatments, including R:B, R:G:B and We0
- Outcome
- red color (greater hue and/or a*)e0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When grown under LED treatments, including R:B, R:G:B and W, the microgreens exhibited enhancements in red color (greater hue and/or a*) and shorter hypocotyl length.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
LED treatments shortened amaranth microgreen hypocotyls.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatust0
- Treatment
- LED treatments, including R:B, R:G:B and We0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl lengthe0
- Direction
- shortere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When grown under LED treatments, including R:B, R:G:B and W, the microgreens exhibited enhancements in red color (greater hue and/or a*) and shorter hypocotyl length.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
R:B and R:G:B light increased vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoid levels.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatust0
- Treatment
- R:B and R:G:Be0
- Outcome
- vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microgreens treated with R:B and R:G:B contained higher levels of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, but lower levels of phenolic compounds and B vitamins.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
R:B and R:G:B light lowered phenolic compound and B vitamin levels.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatust0
- Treatment
- R:B and R:G:Be0
- Outcome
- phenolic compounds and B vitaminse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microgreens treated with R:B and R:G:B contained higher levels of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, but lower levels of phenolic compounds and B vitamins.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
R:B light gave higher sugar and acid levels than white and ambient light.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatust0
- Treatment
- R:Be0
- Outcome
- sugars and acidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- W and ambient lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microgreens grown under R:B also demonstrated higher sugars and acids compared to W and ambient light.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
R:B and R:G:B light lowered amino acid and nucleoside content.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatuse0
- Treatment
- R:B and R:G:Be0
- Outcome
- amino acid and nucleoside contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amaranth cultivated under R:B and R:G:B exhibited lower amino acid and nucleoside content”
Claim · model-written summary
R:B and R:G:B did not raise total phytonutrient production.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatuse0
- Treatment
- R:B and R:G:Be0
- Outcome
- total phytonutrient productione0
- Direction
- did not stimulate highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R:B and R:G:B did not stimulate higher total phytonutrient production in amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend testing higher green ratios and different light intensities and exposure times.
- Taxon
- amaranthAmaranthus caudatust0
- Outcome
- testing higher G ratios (11%-20%) and different light intensities and exposure timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting further research testing higher G ratios (11%-20%) and different light intensities and exposure times are needed.”
t0“amaranth microgreens”