Abstract
• Stress caused by NaCl had a negative impact on the growth and yield of mustard. • Trehalose (Tre) acts as an ROS scavenger, significantly eliminating ROS in NaCl-stressed plants. • Tre regulated ion homeostasis and caused a reduction in leaf Na + levels. • Tre improves stress tolerance by alleviating the effects of ionic and oxidative stress. • Tre augmented growth, nutrient acquisition, and oil yield in mustard. Salt stress, particularly sodium chloride (NaCl), poses a significant threat to agricultural sustainability by limiting crop growth and development. The present study aimed to examine the effect of leaf-applied trehalose (Tre) on ion homeostasis, photosynthesis, antioxidant defense mechanisms, osmolyte accumulation, cell viability, oxidative stress biomarkers, and histo-microscopical analyses in Indian mustard under NaCl stress. Sodium chloride stress drastically decreased growth, water status, protein content and net photosynthetic rate ( P N ), while increasing lipid peroxidation, ion toxicity, cell death, and electrolyte leakage due to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Indian mustard. Foliar fertigation of trehalose significantly increased growth traits, nutrient acquisition, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulation, protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities, stomatal aperture, and cell viability, while considerably reducing leaf Na + content and NaCl-generated ROS toxicity in Indian mustard. The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment. Moreover, the trehalose-mediated reduction in ROS production was further validated with histochemical and microscopical localization analyses. Our data support the notion that Tre supplementation improves NaCl stress tolerance in Indian mustard by mitigating the detrimental impacts of ionic and oxidative stress. This finding suggests that Tre could serve as an alternative biotechnological tool in other types of crops.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress reduced growth, water status, protein and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Indian mustard
Brassica junceat0 - Treatment
- Sodium chloride stresse0
- Outcome
- growth, water status, protein content and net photosynthetic rate ( P N )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium chloride stress drastically decreased growth, water status, protein content and net photosynthetic rate ( P N )”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress increased lipid peroxidation, ion toxicity, cell death and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceae0
- Treatment
- Sodium chloride stresse0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation, ion toxicity, cell death, and electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium chloride stress drastically decreased growth, water status, protein content and net photosynthetic rate ( P N ), while increasing lipid peroxidation, ion toxicity, cell death, and electrolyte leakage due to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose increased growth traits, nutrient acquisition, chlorophyll and osmolytes.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Foliar fertigation of trehalosee0
- Outcome
- growth traits, nutrient acquisition, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar fertigation of trehalose significantly increased growth traits, nutrient acquisition, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulation, protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities, stomatal aperture, and cell viability”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose increased protein, antioxidant enzymes, stomatal aperture and cell viability.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Foliar fertigation of trehalosee0
- Outcome
- protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities, stomatal aperture, and cell viabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar fertigation of trehalose significantly increased growth traits, nutrient acquisition, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulation, protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities, stomatal aperture, and cell viability”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose reduced leaf sodium and ROS toxicity.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceae0
- Treatment
- trehalosee0
- Outcome
- leaf Na + content and NaCl-generated ROS toxicitye0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar fertigation of trehalose significantly increased growth traits, nutrient acquisition, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulation, protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities, stomatal aperture, and cell viability, while considerably reducing leaf Na + content and NaCl-generated ROS toxicity in Indian mustard”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed shoot dry weight by 16%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19.37%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed superoxide dismutase activity by 10%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed nitrogen content by 13.32%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 13.32%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed seed yield by 23%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed oil yield by 27%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- oil yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed superoxide anion content by 26%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- superoxide anion contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed sodium ion content by 14.47%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- sodium ion contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14.47%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose changed malondialdehyde content by 11.41 %.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- Tre applicatione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.41 %e0
- Comparator
- 0 mM NaCl treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16%, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37%, superoxide dismutase activity by 10%, nitrogen content by 13.32% seed yield by 23% and oil yield by 27%, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26%, sodium ion content by 14.47% and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment.”
t0“Indian mustard”
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