Abstract
BACKGROUND: Biowaste accounts for about 40% of total waste. Food-industry waste is one major biowaste stream. The available technological approaches to biowaste treatment are expensive, not circular, unsustainable, and they require pre-treatments such as dehydration, extraction of inhibitors, pH correction, or the addition of other organic matrices. The NP-bioTech process uses a biocatalyst adsorbed onto an inert material enabling accelerated fermentation of critical biomass without pre-treatments, transforming it into biostabilized and pasteurized material, and converting waste into new usable products rapidly. Biocatalysts consist of naturally fortified selections of microbial colonies, enzymes, and fungi that are resistant to the action of d-limonene and other fermentation inhibitors. RESULTS: The NP-bioTech process was able to activate vigorous fermentation of citrus waste without any of the pre-treatments required by other available biowaste-treatment technologies. The horticultural use of the biostabilized output of such process for greenhouse crops was verified. The addition of such output to the growth media was beneficial for plants and did not show negative effects on quality and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). The concentration of Ca, K, Zn, Fe, and polyphenol increased; the average number of berries per plant was improved; the concentration of Pb and Cd contaminants decreased. CONCLUSION: The NP-bioTech process emits no odors or pollutants. It does not generate leachate, and its output can be used in agriculture. It is capable of reconciling compliance with strict environmental restrictions, industrial feasibility, and economic sustainability. Its potential impact thus aligns well with the circular economy model. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Adding the processed output to growth media benefited plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- addition of such output to the growth mediae0
- Outcome
- beneficial for plantse0
- Direction
- beneficiale0
- Setting
- growth mediae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of such output to the growth media was beneficial for plants and did not show negative effects on quality and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment had no negative effect on tomato quality and yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- addition of such output to the growth mediae0
- Outcome
- quality and yield of tomatoese0
- Direction
- did not show negative effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of such output to the growth media was beneficial for plants and did not show negative effects on quality and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment increased tomato calcium, potassium, and zinc concentration.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- addition of such output to the growth mediae1
- Outcome
- concentration of Ca, K, Zne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of Ca, K, Zn, Fe, and polyphenol increased;”
e1“The addition of such output to the growth media was beneficial for plants and did not show negative effects on quality and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment increased tomato iron and polyphenol concentration.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- addition of such output to the growth mediae1
- Outcome
- Fe, and polyphenole0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of Ca, K, Zn, Fe, and polyphenol increased;”
e1“The addition of such output to the growth media was beneficial for plants and did not show negative effects on quality and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment improved average berries per tomato plant.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- addition of such output to the growth mediae1
- Outcome
- average number of berries per plante0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average number of berries per plant was improved;”
e1“The addition of such output to the growth media was beneficial for plants and did not show negative effects on quality and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment decreased lead and cadmium contaminants.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- addition of such output to the growth mediae1
- Outcome
- concentration of Pb and Cd contaminantse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration of Pb and Cd contaminants decreased.”
e1“The addition of such output to the growth media was beneficial for plants and did not show negative effects on quality and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).”
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