Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effects of Streptococcus bovis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, bacterial communities, and predicted metabolic pathways of whole-plant triticale silage ( Triticosecale Wittmack ). Fresh triticale harvested at the milk stage was ensiled in sterile distilled water (CON), Streptococcus bovis (ST), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP), and a combination of S. bovis and L. plantarum (LS) for 3, 7, 15, and 30 days. During ensiling, the pH and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in the inoculated groups was significantly lower than those in the CON group ( P < 0.05), especially in the LS group ( P < 0.05). After 7 days of ensiling, the ST and LS groups had lower ( P < 0.05) starch content and higher ( P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA). Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarum , either alone or in combination, increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus while reducing the abundance of Weissella , Rosenbergiella , Pantoea , and Enterobacter . Metabolic prediction analysis indicated that inoculation with S. bovis enhanced starch and sucrose metabolism during the early stages of ensiling. The abundance of Streptococcus positively correlated with LA ( P < 0.05) and AA concentration but negatively correlated with starch content, pH, and propionic acid (PA) concentration ( P < 0.05). S. bovis inoculation increased starch hydrolysis and carbohydrate metabolism during the early stages. S. bovis and L. plantarum synergistically improved the fermentation characteristics and bacterial communities of triticale silage. Therefore, S. bovis can be used as an additive or for a fast start-up agent to improve silage fermentation quality. IMPORTANCE Ensiling is a widely used method for preserving fresh forage. Silage quality is determined by the chemical and microbial composition. Studies have shown that S. bovis grew faster than commercial species, thereby creating advantages for other lactic acid bacteria during ensiling. Therefore, we believe that S. bovis and L. plantarum can synergistically improve the fermentation characteristics and bacterial community in silage. However, few studies use high-throughput methods to explain the impact of S. bovis on silage fermentation. Results showed that S. bovis significantly affected the fermentation parameters, bacterial community, and metabolic characteristics of triticale silage. S. bovis and L. plantarum synergistically accelerated the fermentation, reducing pH and WSC while increasing lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations in the early stages of ensiling. Additionally, co-inoculation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus and carbohydrate metabolism. This study emphasizes the synergistic role of S. bovis and L. plantarum in enhancing triticale silage quality, providing scientific support for novel silage additives.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated silage had lower pH and water-soluble carbohydrate content than the control, especially with combined inoculation.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalet0 - Treatment
- inoculated groupse1
- Outcome
- pH and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contente1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- especially in the LS groupe1
- Comparator
- CON groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e1“the pH and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in the inoculated groups was significantly lower than those in the CON group ( P < 0.05), especially in the LS group ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
After 7 days of ensiling, ST and LS silage had lower starch content.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- ST and LS groupse2
- Outcome
- starch contente2
- Direction
- lowere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e2“After 7 days of ensiling, the ST and LS groups had lower ( P < 0.05) starch content and higher ( P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA)”
Claim · model-written summary
After 7 days of ensiling, ST and LS silage had higher lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- ST and LS groupse2
- Outcome
- concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA)e2
- Direction
- highere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e2“After 7 days of ensiling, the ST and LS groups had lower ( P < 0.05) starch content and higher ( P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarum increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarume3
- Outcome
- abundance of Lactobacillus and Pediococcuse3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e3“Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarum , either alone or in combination, increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarum reduced the abundance of Weissella, Rosenbergiella and Pantoea.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarume3
- Outcome
- abundance of Weissella , Rosenbergiella , Pantoeae4
- Direction
- reducinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e3“Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarum , either alone or in combination, increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus”
e4“while reducing the abundance of Weissella , Rosenbergiella , Pantoea , and Enterobacter”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarum reduced the abundance of Enterobacter.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarume3
- Outcome
- Enterobactere4
- Direction
- reducinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e3“Inoculation with S. bovis and L. plantarum , either alone or in combination, increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus”
e4“while reducing the abundance of Weissella , Rosenbergiella , Pantoea , and Enterobacter”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with S. bovis enhanced starch and sucrose metabolism in the early stages of ensiling, according to predicted metabolic pathways.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- inoculation with S. bovise4
- Outcome
- starch and sucrose metabolisme4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Qualifier
- during the early stages of ensilinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e4“inoculation with S. bovis enhanced starch and sucrose metabolism during the early stages of ensiling”
Claim · model-written summary
Abundance of Streptococcus positively correlated with lactic acid and acetic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Compound
- LAe5
- Outcome
- abundance of Streptococcuse5
- Direction
- positively correlatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e5“The abundance of Streptococcus positively correlated with LA ( P < 0.05) and AA concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Abundance of Streptococcus negatively correlated with starch content, pH and propionic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Compound
- propionic acid (PA)e6
- Outcome
- abundance of Streptococcuse5
- Direction
- negatively correlatede6
- Qualifier
- starch content, pH, and propionic acid (PA) concentratione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e5“The abundance of Streptococcus positively correlated with LA ( P < 0.05) and AA concentration”
e6“but negatively correlated with starch content, pH, and propionic acid (PA) concentration ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
S. bovis and L. plantarum synergistically improved fermentation characteristics and bacterial communities of triticale silage.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- S. bovis and L. plantarume6
- Outcome
- fermentation characteristics and bacterial communitiese6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Qualifier
- synergisticallye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e6“S. bovis and L. plantarum synergistically improved the fermentation characteristics and bacterial communities of triticale silage”
Claim · model-written summary
S. bovis can be used as an additive or fast start-up agent to improve silage fermentation quality.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- S. bovis can be used as an additivee7
- Outcome
- improve silage fermentation qualitye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whole-plant triticale silage”
e7“Therefore, S. bovis can be used as an additive or for a fast start-up agent to improve silage fermentation quality”
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inoculation · organism · x Triticosecale (triticale)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.