Abstract
The tomato leaf miner Phthorimaea (syn. Tuta) absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is invasive in many agricultural regions. Its larvae feed inside leaf mines or tomato fruits and are difficult to reach with plant protection products. In contrast, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are highly virulent and can search for larvae. The challenge is to formulate EPNs to remain protected on a sprayed leaf surface until they enter the mines. We tested 11 formulations, including 2 oils, 4 gels or thickeners, 2 surfactants, 2 UV protectants, water, and combinations with and without the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) RW14-G-R3a-2 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), under non-closed low-humidity conditions. Six tomato leaf experiments with 1000 EPNs sprayed per leaf showed that EPNs in 0.25 to 0.5% canola oil or in 5% alkyl polyglycoside surfactant were the most effective (26 to 37%). Other formulations and an insecticide had less or no effect. Seven other bioassays showed that most formulations did not adversely affect EPN survival or pathogenicity. We assume that formulations of EPNs can be further improved, such as with other flowable gels or combinations, and encourage investment in the development of practical and economic protective sprayable formulations of EPNs against leaf miners to reduce reliance on chemical insecticides.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Steinernema carpocapsae in 0.25 to 0.5% canola oil was among the most effective formulations against tomato leaf miner, at 26 to 37%.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 0.25 to 0.5% canola oile0
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea absoluta
.jpg?width=60)
Tuta absolutat0pest - Second interactor
- Steinernema carpocapsae
Steinernema carpocapsaee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Tomato Leaf Minert0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 26 to 37%e0
- Comparator
- Other formulationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“EPNs in 0.25 to 0.5% canola oil or in 5% alkyl polyglycoside surfactant were the most effective (26 to 37%)”
e1“Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) RW14-G-R3a-2”
t0“Tomato Leaf Miner, Phthorimaea absoluta”
e2“Other formulations and an insecticide had less or no effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Steinernema carpocapsae in 5% alkyl polyglycoside surfactant was among the most effective formulations against tomato leaf miner, at 26 to 37%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 5% alkyl polyglycoside surfactante0
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea absolutaTuta absolutat0pest
- Second interactor
- Steinernema carpocapsae
- Outcome
- Tomato Leaf Minert0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 26 to 37%e0
- Comparator
- Other formulationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EPNs in 0.25 to 0.5% canola oil or in 5% alkyl polyglycoside surfactant were the most effective (26 to 37%)”
e1“Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) RW14-G-R3a-2”
t0“Tomato Leaf Miner, Phthorimaea absoluta”
e2“Other formulations and an insecticide had less or no effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Other formulations and an insecticide had less or no effect against the tomato leaf miner.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Other formulations and an insecticidee0
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea absolutaTuta absolutat0pest
- Outcome
- Tomato Leaf Minert0
- Direction
- less or no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other formulations and an insecticide had less or no effect”
t0“Tomato Leaf Miner, Phthorimaea absoluta”
e2“Other formulations and an insecticide had less or no effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Most formulations did not adversely affect entomopathogenic nematode survival or pathogenicity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea absolutaTuta absolutat0pest
- Outcome
- EPN survival or pathogenicitye0
- Direction
- did not adversely affecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most formulations did not adversely affect EPN survival or pathogenicity”
t0“Tomato Leaf Miner, Phthorimaea absoluta”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors encourage development of practical protective sprayable nematode formulations against leaf miners to reduce chemical insecticide reliance.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea absolutaTuta absolutat0pest
- Outcome
- development of practical and economic protective sprayable formulations of EPNs against leaf minerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“encourage investment in the development of practical and economic protective sprayable formulations of EPNs against leaf miners to reduce reliance on chemical insecticides”
t0“Tomato Leaf Miner, Phthorimaea absoluta”
The same questions in other papers
Brassica napus var. napus · Tuta absoluta · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
surfactant · Tuta absoluta · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
insecticide · Tuta absoluta · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.