Abstract
Introduction The increasing global demand for starch has created an urgent need to identify more efficient and sustainable production methods. However, traditional starch sources, such as crop-based options, experience significant bottlenecks due to limitations in land use, water consumption, and the impacts of climate change. Therefore, there is a pressing need to explore and develop new sources of starch. Methods We develop a novel duckweed cultivation technology that combines nutrients limitation and CO 2 supplementation to achieve very high starch content. In this study, we integrated whole-genome sequencing, epigenomics, transcriptomics, enzyme activity, and composition variation to elucidate the mechanisms of efficient starch accumulation in duckweed in terms of starch accumulation and carbon partitioning, regulation of the expression of genes in the starch metabolic pathway, and sucrose biosynthesis and transportation. Results and discussion Although Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction, its starch content and productivity reached 72.2% (dry basis) and 10.4 g m -2 d -1 , respectively, in 10 days, equivalent to a yield of 38.0 t ha -1 y -1 , under nutrient limitation treatment with elevated CO 2 levels. We also examined the mechanism of high starch accumulation in duckweed. This phenomenon is associated with the regulation of DNA methylation and transcription factors as well as the significantly upregulated transcription levels and the increased activities of key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis. Moreover, while nitrogen redistribution was increased, sucrose biosynthesis and transportation and lignocellulose biosynthesis were reduced. These alterations led to a reduction in lignocellulose and protein contents and ultimately an increase in the accumulation of starch in the chloroplasts. Conclusion This work demonstrates the potential of duckweed as a highly efficient starch producer.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Landoltia punctata showed dramatic gene family contraction.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctata
Landoltia punctatae0 - Outcome
- gene family contractione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined treatment, starch content reached 72.2 percent dry basis in ten days.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Treatment
- nutrient limitation treatment with elevated CO 2 levelse0
- Outcome
- starch contente0
- Value
- 72.2% (dry basis)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its starch content and productivity reached 72.2% (dry basis) and 10.4 g m -2 d -1 , respectively, in 10 days, equivalent to a yield of 38.0 t ha -1 y -1 , under nutrient limitation treatment with elevated CO 2 levels.”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined treatment, starch productivity reached 10.4 g m -2 d -1 in ten days.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Treatment
- nutrient limitation treatment with elevated CO 2 levelse0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Value
- 10.4 g m -2 d -1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its starch content and productivity reached 72.2% (dry basis) and 10.4 g m -2 d -1 , respectively, in 10 days, equivalent to a yield of 38.0 t ha -1 y -1 , under nutrient limitation treatment with elevated CO 2 levels.”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported annualized starch yield equivalent was 38.0 t ha -1 y -1.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Treatment
- nutrient limitation treatment with elevated CO 2 levelse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 38.0 t ha -1 y -1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“equivalent to a yield of 38.0 t ha -1 y -1 , under nutrient limitation treatment with elevated CO 2 levels.”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
High starch accumulation was associated with DNA methylation and transcription factor regulation.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Outcome
- regulation of DNA methylation and transcription factorse0
- Qualifier
- This phenomenone0
Not reportedGeneDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This phenomenon is associated with the regulation of DNA methylation and transcription factors”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcription of key starch biosynthesis enzymes was significantly upregulated.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Gene
- key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- transcription levelse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the significantly upregulated transcription levels and the increased activities of key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis.”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of key starch biosynthesis enzymes increased.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Outcome
- activities of key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the significantly upregulated transcription levels and the increased activities of key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis.”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen redistribution increased.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Outcome
- nitrogen redistributione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while nitrogen redistribution was increased”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose biosynthesis and transportation declined.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Outcome
- sucrose biosynthesis and transportatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sucrose biosynthesis and transportation and lignocellulose biosynthesis were reduced”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignocellulose biosynthesis declined.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Outcome
- lignocellulose biosynthesise0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lignocellulose biosynthesis were reduced”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignocellulose content declined.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Outcome
- lignocellulosee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- These alterationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These alterations led to a reduction in lignocellulose and protein contents and ultimately an increase in the accumulation of starch in the chloroplasts.”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content declined.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Outcome
- protein contentse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- These alterationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These alterations led to a reduction in lignocellulose and protein contents and ultimately an increase in the accumulation of starch in the chloroplasts.”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch accumulation in chloroplasts increased.
- Taxon
- Landoltia punctataLandoltia punctatae1
- Outcome
- accumulation of starch in the chloroplastse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- These alterationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These alterations led to a reduction in lignocellulose and protein contents and ultimately an increase in the accumulation of starch in the chloroplasts.”
e1“Landoltia punctata exhibits dramatic gene family contraction”