Abstract
The ABCDE model is a well-known general model of floral development in angiosperms with perfect flowers, with some modifications in different plant taxa. The Fading Borders Model was proposed to better explain floral patterning in basal angiosperms that typically possess spirally arranged floral organs. The MADS-Box gene family is central to these models and has greatly expanded in higher plants which is associated with increasing complexity in floral structures. Amborella trichopoda is a basal angiosperm with simpler floral features, and the genetic and functional roles of MADS-Box genes in floral development remain poorly understood in the species. The major objectives of this study were to perform a genome-wide identification and characterization of MADS-Box genes in A. trichopoda, and to analyze their expression in floral buds and mature flowers. We identified 42 members of the MADS-Box gene family in A. trichopoda with a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)-based genome-wide survey. Among them, 27 were classified into Type II or MIKC group. Based on our classification and orthology analysis, a direct ortholog APETALA1 (AP1), an A-class floral MADS-Box gene was absent in A. trichopoda. Gene expression analysis indicated that MIKC-type genes were differentially expressed between male and female flowers with B-function orthologs: APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) in the species having differential expression between the two sexes, and E-function orthologs being upregulated in female flowers. Based on these findings, we propose a modification in the Fading Borders Model in A. trichopoda with a modified A-function, B- and E-function orthologs' expression being sex-specific, and C- and D-function genes having roles similar to that in the classical ABCDE model. These results provide new insights into the genetics underlying floral patterning in the basal angiosperm.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The survey identified 42 MADS-Box genes in A. trichopoda.
- Taxon
- A. trichopoda
Amborella trichopodae0 - Gene
- MADS-Box gene familye0
- Outcome
- members of the MADS-Box gene familye0
- Value
- 42 memberse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amborella trichopoda”
e0“We identified 42 members of the MADS-Box gene family in A. trichopoda with a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)-based genome-wide survey”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-seven MADS-Box genes were classified as Type II or MIKC.
- Taxon
- Amborella trichopodaAmborella trichopodat0
- Outcome
- classified into Type II or MIKC groupe0
- Value
- 27e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amborella trichopoda”
e0“Among them, 27 were classified into Type II or MIKC group”
Claim · model-written summary
A direct APETALA1 ortholog was absent in A. trichopoda.
- Taxon
- A. trichopodaAmborella trichopodae0
- Gene
- APETALA1 (AP1)e0
- Outcome
- a direct ortholog APETALA1 (AP1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a direct ortholog APETALA1 (AP1), an A-class floral MADS-Box gene was absent in A. trichopoda”
Claim · model-written summary
MIKC-type genes were differentially expressed between male and female flowers.
- Taxon
- Amborella trichopodaAmborella trichopodat0
- Organ / stage
- male and female flowerse0
- Gene
- MIKC-type genese0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed between male and female flowerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amborella trichopoda”
e0“MIKC-type genes were differentially expressed between male and female flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
APETALA3 showed differential expression between the two sexes.
- Taxon
- Amborella trichopodaAmborella trichopodat0
- Gene
- APETALA3 (AP3)e0
- Outcome
- differential expression between the two sexese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amborella trichopoda”
e0“B-function orthologs: APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) in the species having differential expression between the two sexes”
Claim · model-written summary
PISTILLATA showed differential expression between the two sexes.
- Taxon
- Amborella trichopodaAmborella trichopodat0
- Gene
- PISTILLATA (PI)e0
- Outcome
- differential expression between the two sexese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amborella trichopoda”
e0“B-function orthologs: APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) in the species having differential expression between the two sexes”
Claim · model-written summary
E-function orthologs were upregulated in female flowers.
- Taxon
- Amborella trichopodaAmborella trichopodat0
- Gene
- E-function orthologse0
- Outcome
- upregulated in female flowerse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amborella trichopoda”
e0“E-function orthologs being upregulated in female flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose a modified Fading Borders Model with modified A-function and sex-specific B- and E-function expression.
- Taxon
- A. trichopodaAmborella trichopodae0
- Outcome
- modification in the Fading Borders Modele0
- Qualifier
- modified A-functione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amborella trichopoda”
e0“we propose a modification in the Fading Borders Model in A. trichopoda with a modified A-function, B- and E-function orthologs' expression being sex-specific, and C- and D-function genes having roles similar to that in the classical ABCDE model”