Abstract
• Malvaceae -based biostimulant enhanced photosynthesis and stress response genes. • Malvaceae -based biostimulant in low N increased fatty acids, amino acids, phenolics. • Whole and fractionated biostimulant modulated hormone pathways and circadian rhythms. • Whole and fractionated biostimulant improve plant adaptation to suboptimal N levels. Nitrogen (N) is essential for plant growth, yet its limited availability challenges crop development. Protein hydrolysates (PHs) from plant sources are biostimulants that can enhance nutrient use efficiency and stress tolerance in crops, although their mode of action, depending on the botanical origin and the molecular fraction, is largely unknown. This study investigated the molecular effects of a Malvaceae -based pH (C) and its medium molecular weight fraction (F2) on tomato plants under optimal and suboptimal N conditions. Plants were foliarly-treated with C, F2, or left untreated, and analysed using integrated omics techniques. Under optimal N conditions, C upregulated genes associated with photosynthesis, aging, and abiotic stress responses, suggesting enhanced metabolism and resilience. Both C and F2 modulated genes involved in hormone signalling, particularly auxin and cytokinin, and Circadian rhythm pathways. Under suboptimal N, C influenced hormone signalling and light response genes, potentially alleviating N deficiency stress. Metabolomic analysis showed that under low N, C increased fatty acids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds linked to stress protection, while F2 had a milder effect. Multi-omics analysis showed that C impacted N metabolism upregulating nitrate transporters (NRT1) and promoting metabolic reprogramming, whereas F2 primarily influenced hormonal signalling and Circadian rhythm . Overall, C might be more effective than F2 in optimizing N use efficiency. Our study demonstrates that Malvaceae -based PHs can modulate gene expression and metabolism in tomato plants under suboptimal N level, enhancing adaptation to N shortage. However, further research is needed to elucidate the mode of action of PHs in N metabolism.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Under optimal N, the Malvaceae-based protein hydrolysate upregulated tomato genes for photosynthesis, aging and abiotic stress responses.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Malvaceae -based pH (C)e0
- Outcome
- genes associated with photosynthesis, aging, and abiotic stress responsese2
- Direction
- upregulatede2
- Qualifier
- Under optimal N conditionse2
- Comparator
- untreatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study investigated the molecular effects of a Malvaceae -based pH (C) and its medium molecular weight fraction (F2) on tomato plants under optimal and suboptimal N conditions”
e1“Plants were foliarly-treated with C, F2, or left untreated”
e2“Under optimal N conditions, C upregulated genes associated with photosynthesis, aging, and abiotic stress responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low N, the Malvaceae-based protein hydrolysate increased fatty acids, amino acids and phenolic compounds in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Malvaceae -based pH (C)e0
- Outcome
- fatty acids, amino acids, and phenolic compoundse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- under low Ne3
- Comparator
- untreatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study investigated the molecular effects of a Malvaceae -based pH (C) and its medium molecular weight fraction (F2) on tomato plants under optimal and suboptimal N conditions”
e1“Plants were foliarly-treated with C, F2, or left untreated”
e3“Metabolomic analysis showed that under low N, C increased fatty acids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds linked to stress protection, while F2 had a milder effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low N, the F2 fraction had a milder effect on tomato metabolites than the whole hydrolysate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- F2e3
- Outcome
- effecte3
- Direction
- mildere3
- Qualifier
- under low Ne3
- Comparator
- Ce3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study investigated the molecular effects of a Malvaceae -based pH (C) and its medium molecular weight fraction (F2) on tomato plants under optimal and suboptimal N conditions”
e3“Metabolomic analysis showed that under low N, C increased fatty acids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds linked to stress protection, while F2 had a milder effect”
Claim · model-written summary
The hydrolysate upregulated tomato nitrate transporter NRT1 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Malvaceae -based pH (C)e0
- Gene
- NRT1e4
- Outcome
- nitrate transporterse4
- Direction
- upregulatinge4
- Comparator
- untreatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study investigated the molecular effects of a Malvaceae -based pH (C) and its medium molecular weight fraction (F2) on tomato plants under optimal and suboptimal N conditions”
e1“Plants were foliarly-treated with C, F2, or left untreated”
e4“Multi-omics analysis showed that C impacted N metabolism upregulating nitrate transporters (NRT1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The whole hydrolysate may be more effective than F2 in optimizing N use efficiency in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ce5
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye5
- Direction
- more effectivee5
- Comparator
- F2e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study investigated the molecular effects of a Malvaceae -based pH (C) and its medium molecular weight fraction (F2) on tomato plants under optimal and suboptimal N conditions”
e5“Overall, C might be more effective than F2 in optimizing N use efficiency”
The same questions in other papers
ph · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →ph · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.