Abstract
Among the abiotic factors that causes threat to crop production, drought is one of the foremost constraints in the changing climatic era. Hence, a study was conducted to mitigate the effect of drought stress in blackgram with the peanut shell carbon dots (PNS-CDs) as seed priming and foliar spray agent. Blackgram seeds were primed with PNS-CDs at 200 ppm for 3 h and plants were sprayed with PNS-CDs at 50 ppm on 30 th and 45 th DAS under drought stress conditions (30%, 50% and 75% WHC). The imposed treatments included dry seeds (control), water sprayed plants, seed priming with PNS-CDs, foliar spray with PNS-CDs and combination of both. The results demarcate the exemplary performance of plants when given with combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield. Further, an increased activity of catalase (12%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (22%), glutathione reductase (60%), ascorbate peroxidase (55%), H 2 O 2 scavenging (32%) and proline (35%) were noticed over dry seeds, which confirmed the antioxidant defense mechanism offered by PNS-CDs. In addition, the percentage increase in photosynthetic parameters like total chlorophyll (44%), total soluble protein (54%), photosynthetic rate (89%), stomatal conductance (40%), internal CO 2 concentration (74%) and chlorophyll stability index (51%) confirmed the role of PNS-CDs as photosynthesis enhancer under drought stress, which resulted in enhanced stress tolerance, plant growth and yield. Thus, it was found that priming blackgram seeds with 200 ppm PNS-CDs for 3 h followed by foliar spray with 50 ppm on 30 and 45th DAS could serve as a sustainable alternative to chemical inputs, ensuring better crop productivity and stress tolerance in water-limited environments. Further, future research could explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the stress tolerance offered by PNS-CDs. In addition, the application of PNS-CDs to different crops, biotic and abiotic stress conditions will also pave the way for broader agricultural sustainability in an eco-friendly approach.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Combined priming and foliar spray improved growth and yield under drought.
- Taxon
- blackgram
Vigna mungot0 - Treatment
- combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDse0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
Claim · model-written summary
catalase increased by 12%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- dry seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased activity of catalase (12%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (22%), glutathione reductase (60%), ascorbate peroxidase (55%), H 2 O 2 scavenging (32%) and proline (35%) were noticed over dry seeds”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
peroxidase increased by 12%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- dry seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased activity of catalase (12%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (22%), glutathione reductase (60%), ascorbate peroxidase (55%), H 2 O 2 scavenging (32%) and proline (35%) were noticed over dry seeds”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
superoxide dismutase increased by 22%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- dry seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased activity of catalase (12%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (22%), glutathione reductase (60%), ascorbate peroxidase (55%), H 2 O 2 scavenging (32%) and proline (35%) were noticed over dry seeds”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
glutathione reductase increased by 60%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- glutathione reductasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- dry seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased activity of catalase (12%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (22%), glutathione reductase (60%), ascorbate peroxidase (55%), H 2 O 2 scavenging (32%) and proline (35%) were noticed over dry seeds”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
ascorbate peroxidase increased by 55%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Comparator
- dry seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased activity of catalase (12%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (22%), glutathione reductase (60%), ascorbate peroxidase (55%), H 2 O 2 scavenging (32%) and proline (35%) were noticed over dry seeds”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
H 2 O 2 scavenging increased by 32%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 scavenginge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- dry seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased activity of catalase (12%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (22%), glutathione reductase (60%), ascorbate peroxidase (55%), H 2 O 2 scavenging (32%) and proline (35%) were noticed over dry seeds”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
proline increased by 35%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- dry seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased activity of catalase (12%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (22%), glutathione reductase (60%), ascorbate peroxidase (55%), H 2 O 2 scavenging (32%) and proline (35%) were noticed over dry seeds”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
total chlorophyll increased by 44%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage increase in photosynthetic parameters like total chlorophyll (44%), total soluble protein (54%), photosynthetic rate (89%), stomatal conductance (40%), internal CO 2 concentration (74%) and chlorophyll stability index (51%)”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
total soluble protein increased by 54%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- total soluble proteine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 54%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage increase in photosynthetic parameters like total chlorophyll (44%), total soluble protein (54%), photosynthetic rate (89%), stomatal conductance (40%), internal CO 2 concentration (74%) and chlorophyll stability index (51%)”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
photosynthetic rate increased by 89%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage increase in photosynthetic parameters like total chlorophyll (44%), total soluble protein (54%), photosynthetic rate (89%), stomatal conductance (40%), internal CO 2 concentration (74%) and chlorophyll stability index (51%)”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
stomatal conductance increased by 40%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage increase in photosynthetic parameters like total chlorophyll (44%), total soluble protein (54%), photosynthetic rate (89%), stomatal conductance (40%), internal CO 2 concentration (74%) and chlorophyll stability index (51%)”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
internal CO 2 concentration increased by 74%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- internal CO 2 concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 74%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage increase in photosynthetic parameters like total chlorophyll (44%), total soluble protein (54%), photosynthetic rate (89%), stomatal conductance (40%), internal CO 2 concentration (74%) and chlorophyll stability index (51%)”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll stability index increased by 51%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- PNS-CDse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll stability indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage increase in photosynthetic parameters like total chlorophyll (44%), total soluble protein (54%), photosynthetic rate (89%), stomatal conductance (40%), internal CO 2 concentration (74%) and chlorophyll stability index (51%)”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)”
e1“combined application of priming (200 ppm) and foliar spray (50 ppm) with PNS-CDs in terms of its growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend priming and foliar spraying for productivity and stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungoe0
- Treatment
- priming blackgram seeds with 200 ppm PNS-CDs for 3 h followed by foliar spray with 50 ppm on 30 and 45th DASe0
- Outcome
- better crop productivity and stress tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming blackgram seeds with 200 ppm PNS-CDs for 3 h followed by foliar spray with 50 ppm on 30 and 45th DAS could serve as a sustainable alternative to chemical inputs, ensuring better crop productivity and stress tolerance in water-limited environments”
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