Abstract
Background: Salinization negatively affects plant growth and development, removing up to 1.5 million hectares of farmland from production annually. Objective: Evaluate the synergistic of Nano-fertilizers on yield traits of wheat Triticum aestivum below saline irrigation. Methodology: two factorial plot experiments were conducted during Autumn 2022 and 2023 in Diyala, IRAQ. The plants were irrigated every 18 days from planting with three NaCl irrigation levels: 0 (distilled water), 50, and 75 mM. A foliar application of nano fertilizer was sprayed after the third leaf appeared every 15 days, three times in total. Results: The salinity significantly decreased the yield component, biological yield, and harvest index, while the synergistic effects of (S), (Q), and (M) increased by 52.86%, 15.81%, and 18.84% in 2022 and 41.05%, 20.65% and 22.62 in 2023 growth season, respectively. Additionally, the most significant effects of the synergistic nano-fertilizer on catalase, peroxidase, and Proline under salinity were 23.84%, 70.00%, and 79.78% in 2022 and 24.50%, 73.33% and 74.36% in 2023, respectively. Conclusions: The application of nano-fertilizers enhanced yield parameters and increased the antioxidant enzymes as part of the plant's defense mechanism against oxidative stress. Over time, this response to developing salinity-tolerant wheat varieties with strong antioxidant defense systems.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly decreased wheat yield components, biological yield and harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- yield component, biological yield, and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salinity significantly decreased the yield component, biological yield, and harvest index”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
(S) synergistic effect increased by 52.86% in 2022; the affected yield trait is not identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- (S)e0
- Outcome
- synergistic effectse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 52.86%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the synergistic effects of (S), (Q), and (M) increased by 52.86%, 15.81%, and 18.84% in 2022 and 41.05%, 20.65% and 22.62 in 2023 growth season, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
(Q) synergistic effect increased by 15.81% in 2022; the affected yield trait is not identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- (Q)e0
- Outcome
- synergistic effectse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.81%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the synergistic effects of (S), (Q), and (M) increased by 52.86%, 15.81%, and 18.84% in 2022 and 41.05%, 20.65% and 22.62 in 2023 growth season, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
(M) synergistic effect increased by 18.84% in 2022; the affected yield trait is not identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- (M)e0
- Outcome
- synergistic effectse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.84%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the synergistic effects of (S), (Q), and (M) increased by 52.86%, 15.81%, and 18.84% in 2022 and 41.05%, 20.65% and 22.62 in 2023 growth season, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
(S) synergistic effect increased by 41.05% in 2023; the affected yield trait is not identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- (S)e0
- Outcome
- synergistic effectse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 41.05%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the synergistic effects of (S), (Q), and (M) increased by 52.86%, 15.81%, and 18.84% in 2022 and 41.05%, 20.65% and 22.62 in 2023 growth season, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
(Q) synergistic effect increased by 20.65% in 2023; the affected yield trait is not identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- (Q)e0
- Outcome
- synergistic effectse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.65%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the synergistic effects of (S), (Q), and (M) increased by 52.86%, 15.81%, and 18.84% in 2022 and 41.05%, 20.65% and 22.62 in 2023 growth season, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
(M) synergistic effect increased by 22.62 in 2023; the affected yield trait is not identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- (M)e0
- Outcome
- synergistic effectse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.62e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the synergistic effects of (S), (Q), and (M) increased by 52.86%, 15.81%, and 18.84% in 2022 and 41.05%, 20.65% and 22.62 in 2023 growth season, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergistic nano-fertilizer affected catalase under salinity by 23.84% in 2022.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synergistic nano-fertilizere0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Value
- 23.84%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most significant effects of the synergistic nano-fertilizer on catalase, peroxidase, and Proline under salinity were 23.84%, 70.00%, and 79.78% in 2022 and 24.50%, 73.33% and 74.36% in 2023, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergistic nano-fertilizer affected peroxidase under salinity by 70.00% in 2022.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synergistic nano-fertilizere0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Value
- 70.00%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most significant effects of the synergistic nano-fertilizer on catalase, peroxidase, and Proline under salinity were 23.84%, 70.00%, and 79.78% in 2022 and 24.50%, 73.33% and 74.36% in 2023, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergistic nano-fertilizer affected Proline under salinity by 79.78% in 2022.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synergistic nano-fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Prolinee0
- Value
- 79.78%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most significant effects of the synergistic nano-fertilizer on catalase, peroxidase, and Proline under salinity were 23.84%, 70.00%, and 79.78% in 2022 and 24.50%, 73.33% and 74.36% in 2023, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergistic nano-fertilizer affected catalase under salinity by 24.50% in 2023.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synergistic nano-fertilizere0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Value
- 24.50%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most significant effects of the synergistic nano-fertilizer on catalase, peroxidase, and Proline under salinity were 23.84%, 70.00%, and 79.78% in 2022 and 24.50%, 73.33% and 74.36% in 2023, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergistic nano-fertilizer affected peroxidase under salinity by 73.33% in 2023.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synergistic nano-fertilizere0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Value
- 73.33%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most significant effects of the synergistic nano-fertilizer on catalase, peroxidase, and Proline under salinity were 23.84%, 70.00%, and 79.78% in 2022 and 24.50%, 73.33% and 74.36% in 2023, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergistic nano-fertilizer affected Proline under salinity by 74.36% in 2023.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synergistic nano-fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Prolinee0
- Value
- 74.36%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most significant effects of the synergistic nano-fertilizer on catalase, peroxidase, and Proline under salinity were 23.84%, 70.00%, and 79.78% in 2022 and 24.50%, 73.33% and 74.36% in 2023, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
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