Abstract
Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriaca was utilized to investigate the phytotoxic effects on the germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt. and to evaluate the relative chlorophyll content and oxidative stress of these weeds growing in pots. The total content of phenols in the extract and its antioxidant activity were determined before bioassays. The TPC was 43.3 ± 1.5 mg GAE g −1 dry extract, while IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 0.651 mg ml −1 and FRAP value was 38.7 ± 1.5 μmol Fe 2+ g −1 d.e., UHPLC-MS analysis was carried out to identify and quantify the major compounds in it. A total of 15 phenolic compounds in the extract were quantified, including 4 flavonoids, 7 hydroxybenzoic acids, and 4 hydroxycinnamic acids. Delphinidin was the most abundant (32.5 mg g −1 d.e.), followed by 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1.810 mg g −1 d.e.), rutin (1.533 mg g −1 d.e.), p-coumaric acid (1.131 mg g −1 d.e.), quercetin (1.071 mg g −1 d.e.), gallic acid (0.946 mg g −1 d.e.) and protocatechuic acid (0.598 mg g −1 d.e.). The seed bioassay confirmed the inhibitory effect of leaf extract on the seed germination and early seedling growth of the tested weeds at all concentrations. In all tested plants the inhibition of seed germination ranged from 68 to 100%, while the inhibitory effect on early seedling growth (radical and shoot length) was ≥ 72% and up to 97–100% for root and 74 to 100% for shoot growth. The results obtained from the pot bioassays revealed significant oxidative stress and a decrease in the relative chlorophyll content. These findings evinced that A. syriaca leaf extract had a significant phytotoxic effect on tested weeds. However, further studies under field conditions are needed to confirm the presented results and to check its herbicidal potential.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Asclepias leaf extract had total phenol content of 43.3 ± 1.5 mg GAE g −1 dry extract.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.
Asclepias syriacat0 - Outcome
- TPCe0
- Value
- 43.3 ± 1.5 mg GAE g −1 dry extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“The TPC was 43.3 ± 1.5 mg GAE g −1 dry extract”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH radical scavenging IC50 of the extract was 0.651 mg ml −1.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activitye0
- Value
- 0.651 mg ml −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 0.651 mg ml −1”
Claim · model-written summary
FRAP value of the extract was 38.7 ± 1.5 μmol Fe 2+ g −1 d.e.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- FRAP valuee0
- Value
- 38.7 ± 1.5 μmol Fe 2+ g −1 d.e.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“FRAP value was 38.7 ± 1.5 μmol Fe 2+ g −1 d.e.”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract contained 15 quantified phenolics: four flavonoids, seven hydroxybenzoic acids and four hydroxycinnamic acids.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- phenolic compounds in the extracte0
- Value
- 15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“A total of 15 phenolic compounds in the extract were quantified, including 4 flavonoids, 7 hydroxybenzoic acids, and 4 hydroxycinnamic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Delphinidin was the most abundant quantified compound at 32.5 mg g −1 d.e.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- Delphinidine0
- Direction
- most abundante0
- Value
- 32.5 mg g −1 d.e.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“Delphinidin was the most abundant (32.5 mg g −1 d.e.)”
Claim · model-written summary
4-hydroxybenzoic acid content was 1.810 mg g −1 d.e.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- 4-hydroxybenzoic acide0
- Value
- 1.810 mg g −1 d.e.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1.810 mg g −1 d.e.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rutin content was 1.533 mg g −1 d.e.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- rutine0
- Value
- 1.533 mg g −1 d.e.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“rutin (1.533 mg g −1 d.e.)”
Claim · model-written summary
p-coumaric acid content was 1.131 mg g −1 d.e.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- p-coumaric acide0
- Value
- 1.131 mg g −1 d.e.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“p-coumaric acid (1.131 mg g −1 d.e.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercetin content was 1.071 mg g −1 d.e.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- quercetine0
- Value
- 1.071 mg g −1 d.e.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“quercetin (1.071 mg g −1 d.e.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic acid content was 0.946 mg g −1 d.e.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- gallic acide0
- Value
- 0.946 mg g −1 d.e.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“gallic acid (0.946 mg g −1 d.e.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Protocatechuic acid content was 0.598 mg g −1 d.e.
- Taxon
- Asclepias syriaca L.Asclepias syriacat0
- Outcome
- protocatechuic acide0
- Value
- 0.598 mg g −1 d.e.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“protocatechuic acid (0.598 mg g −1 d.e.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Asclepias extract inhibited tested weed seed germination by 68 to 100% at all concentrations.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.e0
- Treatment
- leaf extracte1
- Interactor
- Asclepyas syriacae0other
- Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- inhibitione1
- Value
- 68 to 100%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriaca was utilized to investigate the phytotoxic effects on the germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.”
e1“The seed bioassay confirmed the inhibitory effect of leaf extract on the seed germination and early seedling growth of the tested weeds at all concentrations. In all tested plants the inhibition of seed germination ranged from 68 to 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Asclepias extract inhibited weed root growth by 72% to 97–100%.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.e0
- Treatment
- Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriacae0
- Interactor
- Asclepyas syriacae0other
- Outcome
- roote1
- Direction
- inhibitorye1
- Value
- 97–100%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Asclepias syriaca L.”
e0“Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriaca was utilized to investigate the phytotoxic effects on the germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.”
e1“inhibitory effect on early seedling growth (radical and shoot length) was ≥ 72% and up to 97–100% for root”
Claim · model-written summary
Asclepias extract inhibited weed shoot growth by 74 to 100%.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.e0
- Treatment
- Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriacae0
- Interactor
- Asclepyas syriacae0other
- Outcome
- shoot growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitorye2
- Value
- 74 to 100%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriaca was utilized to investigate the phytotoxic effects on the germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.”
e1“74 to 100% for shoot growth”
e2“inhibitory effect on early seedling growth (radical and shoot length) was ≥ 72% and up to 97–100% for root and 74 to 100% for shoot growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Pot bioassays found significant oxidative stress in extract-treated weeds.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.e1
- Treatment
- Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriacae1
- Interactor
- Asclepyas syriacae1other
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“The results obtained from the pot bioassays revealed significant oxidative stress and a decrease in the relative chlorophyll content”
e1“Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriaca was utilized to investigate the phytotoxic effects on the germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pot bioassays found lower relative chlorophyll content in extract-treated weeds.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.e1
- Treatment
- Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriacae1
- Interactor
- Asclepyas syriacae1other
- Outcome
- relative chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The results obtained from the pot bioassays revealed significant oxidative stress and a decrease in the relative chlorophyll content”
e1“Leaf extract of Asclepyas syriaca was utilized to investigate the phytotoxic effects on the germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. , Chenopodium album L. , and Iva xanthifolia Nutt.”