Abstract
Maize is an important crop worldwide, serving as good source of food and income. Contamination by Aspergillus makes it less suitable for human intake as a result of discoloration and decrease in nutritional composition. This research sought to examine the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of bitter kola seed extract on Aspergillus species isolated from maize grains. The invitro experiment was carried out at the department of plant science laboratory, Modibbo Adama University, Yola in triplicate, using a Complete Randomized Design with a total of thirty plates. The test plant active components used were extracted using ethanol. 10, 30, 60 and 100% of bitter kola seed extract was added to Potato Dextrose Agar before inoculation. The effect of the extract on isolated Aspergillus species increased with increase in concentration. Inhibition percentage at the highest concentration (100%) of the extract was more effective in the control of Aspergillus niger (65.90%), an increased level of inhibition was also recorded against Aspergillus flavus (57.03%) at the highest concentration. There was notable variation in the suppression of fungal growth across the different concentrations of the extract. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenol, terpenoids and glycosides. The findings of this study are very important in the control of maize rot as they are biologically based, affordable and ecofriendly; hence higher concentrations of bitter kola seed extract are recommended for use in the control of Aspergillus species causing maize rot.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter kola extract inhibition of isolated Aspergillus increased with concentration.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus species
Aspergilluse1 - Treatment
- different concentrations of bitter kola seed extracte1
- Outcome
- effect of the extract on isolated Aspergillus speciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of the extract on isolated Aspergillus species increased with increase in concentration.”
e1“different concentrations of bitter kola seed extract on Aspergillus species isolated from maize grains”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% concentration bitter kola extract inhibited Aspergillus niger by 65.90%.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus nigere0 - Treatment
- bitter kola seed extracte1
- Outcome
- Inhibition percentagee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 65.90%e0
- Qualifier
- highest concentration (100%)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition percentage at the highest concentration (100%) of the extract was more effective in the control of Aspergillus niger (65.90%)”
e1“10, 30, 60 and 100% of bitter kola seed extract was added to Potato Dextrose Agar before inoculation.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest concentration bitter kola extract inhibited Aspergillus flavus by 57.03%.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0 - Treatment
- bitter kola seed extracte1
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 57.03%e0
- Qualifier
- highest concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased level of inhibition was also recorded against Aspergillus flavus (57.03%) at the highest concentration.”
e1“10, 30, 60 and 100% of bitter kola seed extract was added to Potato Dextrose Agar before inoculation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal growth suppression varied across bitter kola extract concentrations.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus speciesAspergilluse1
- Treatment
- different concentrations of bitter kola seed extracte1
- Outcome
- suppression of fungal growthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was notable variation in the suppression of fungal growth across the different concentrations of the extract.”
e1“different concentrations of bitter kola seed extract on Aspergillus species”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter kola phytochemical analysis identified alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins.
- Taxon
- Garcinia kola
Garcinia kolat0 - Outcome
- alkaloids, flavonoids, tanninse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenol, terpenoids and glycosides.”
t0“Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter kola phytochemical analysis identified saponins, phenol and terpenoids.
- Taxon
- Garcinia kolaGarcinia kolat0
- Outcome
- saponins, phenol, terpenoidse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenol, terpenoids and glycosides.”
t0“Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter kola phytochemical analysis identified glycosides.
- Taxon
- Garcinia kolaGarcinia kolat0
- Outcome
- glycosidese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenol, terpenoids and glycosides.”
t0“Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher bitter kola extract concentrations are recommended to control Aspergillus causing maize rot.
- Interactor
- Aspergillus speciesAspergilluse0pathogen
- Outcome
- higher concentrations of bitter kola seed extracte0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hence higher concentrations of bitter kola seed extract are recommended for use in the control of Aspergillus species causing maize rot.”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · disease · Aspergillus nigerResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · disease · Aspergillus flavusResults agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.