Abstract
Salt accumulation can degrade soil properties, decrease its productivity, and harm its ecological functions. Introducing salt-tolerant plant species associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can act as an effective biological method for restoring salinized soils. AMF colonize plant roots and improve their nutrient acquisition capacity. However, there is limited knowledge on how AMF affects the production of signaling molecules, e.g., abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA), related to plant–microbe interactions under salinity. Here, we assess the potential benefits of the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices in enhancing plant growth and nutrient uptake in addition to modulating stress hormone signaling levels (ABA, SA, and JA) of the facultative halophyte Sulla carnosa under saline conditions. Plants were grown in pots filled with soil and irrigated with 200 mM NaCl for 1 month. AMF symbiosis substantially increased the shoot dry weight (+107%), root dry weight (+67%), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and nutrient uptake (C, N, P, K, Cu, and Zn) while significantly limiting the increase in the shoot Na+ concentration and H2O2 content caused by salinity stress. Mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly enhanced the root and shoot SA levels by 450% and 32%, respectively, compared to the stressed non-inoculated plants, potentially contributing to enhanced systemic resistance and osmotic adjustment under saline conditions. Salt stress increased the shoot ABA content, especially in R. intraradices-inoculated plants (113% higher than in stressed non-mycorrhizal plants). These findings confirm that AMF mitigated the adverse effects of salinity on S. carnosa by increasing the SA and ABA levels and reducing oxidative damage.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal symbiosis increased shoot dry weight by +107% under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Treatment
- AMF symbiosise0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +107%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“AMF symbiosis substantially increased the shoot dry weight (+107%), root dry weight (+67%), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and nutrient uptake (C, N, P, K, Cu, and Zn) while significantly limiting the increase in the shoot Na+ concentration and H2O2 content caused by salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal symbiosis increased root dry weight by +67% under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Treatment
- AMF symbiosise0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“AMF symbiosis substantially increased the shoot dry weight (+107%), root dry weight (+67%), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and nutrient uptake (C, N, P, K, Cu, and Zn) while significantly limiting the increase in the shoot Na+ concentration and H2O2 content caused by salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis increased photosynthetic pigment content under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Treatment
- AMF symbiosise0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“AMF symbiosis substantially increased the shoot dry weight (+107%), root dry weight (+67%), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and nutrient uptake (C, N, P, K, Cu, and Zn) while significantly limiting the increase in the shoot Na+ concentration and H2O2 content caused by salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis increased nutrient uptake under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Treatment
- AMF symbiosise0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“AMF symbiosis substantially increased the shoot dry weight (+107%), root dry weight (+67%), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and nutrient uptake (C, N, P, K, Cu, and Zn) while significantly limiting the increase in the shoot Na+ concentration and H2O2 content caused by salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis limited the salinity-induced increase in shoot Na+ concentration.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Treatment
- AMF symbiosise0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot Na+ concentratione0
- Direction
- limiting the increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“AMF symbiosis substantially increased the shoot dry weight (+107%), root dry weight (+67%), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and nutrient uptake (C, N, P, K, Cu, and Zn) while significantly limiting the increase in the shoot Na+ concentration and H2O2 content caused by salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis limited the salinity-induced increase in H2O2 content.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Treatment
- AMF symbiosise0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- H2O2 contente0
- Direction
- limiting the increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“AMF symbiosis substantially increased the shoot dry weight (+107%), root dry weight (+67%), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and nutrient uptake (C, N, P, K, Cu, and Zn) while significantly limiting the increase in the shoot Na+ concentration and H2O2 content caused by salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal symbiosis increased root SA levels by 450% relative to stressed non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal symbiosise0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- SA levelse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 450%e0
- Comparator
- stressed non-inoculated plantse0
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“Mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly enhanced the root and shoot SA levels by 450% and 32%, respectively, compared to the stressed non-inoculated plants, potentially contributing to enhanced systemic resistance and osmotic adjustment under saline conditions.”
t1“Rhizophagus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal symbiosis increased shoot SA levels by 32% relative to stressed non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal symbiosise0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- SA levelse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- stressed non-inoculated plantse0
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“Mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly enhanced the root and shoot SA levels by 450% and 32%, respectively, compared to the stressed non-inoculated plants, potentially contributing to enhanced systemic resistance and osmotic adjustment under saline conditions.”
t1“Rhizophagus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased shoot ABA content.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot ABA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“Salt stress increased the shoot ABA content, especially in R. intraradices-inoculated plants (113% higher than in stressed non-mycorrhizal plants).”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated plants had 113% higher shoot ABA content than stressed non-mycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- Sulla carnosaSulla carnosat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices-inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot ABA contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 113%e0
- Comparator
- stressed non-mycorrhizal plantse0
Verbatim
t0“Sulla carnosa”
e0“Salt stress increased the shoot ABA content, especially in R. intraradices-inoculated plants (113% higher than in stressed non-mycorrhizal plants).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute mitigation of salinity effects by AMF to increased SA and ABA levels and reduced oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- S. carnosaSulla carnosae0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- mitigated the adverse effects of salinitye0
- Qualifier
- increasing the SA and ABA levels and reducing oxidative damagee0
Verbatim
e0“These findings confirm that AMF mitigated the adverse effects of salinity on S. carnosa by increasing the SA and ABA levels and reducing oxidative damage.”