Abstract
In recent years, the problem of Cd (cadmium) contamination in cultivated soils has grown worse, endangering food security and human health and impeding agricultural sustainability. The application of foliar fertilizer can effectively prevent and control the accumulation of Cd in crops, but the related effects of foliar fertilizer application on the accumulation of Cd in wheat and the risk to human health are not clear. On the Cd-polluted farmland, five foliar fertilizers (multi-element compound fertilizer (Me), manganese-zinc micro-fertilizer (MZ), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (P), water-soluble organic fertilizer (WO) and foliar silicon fertilizer (Si)) and CK (the fresh water was used as the control) were sprayed on wheat at different growth periods (spraying once at the tillering stage and spraying twice at the tillering stage and the booting stage) to investigate the effects of foliar fertilizer on wheat yield and the content of Cd in grains and human health risks. The results showed that the application of five types of foliar fertilizers can lead to an increase in wheat yield, an inhibition of the transfer of cadmium to the edible parts of wheat, and a reduction in the human health risk (THQ). Compared with the CK (the fresh water was used as the control), the impact of Cd stress on the yield of spring wheat was alleviated by the MZ treatment, and the largest yield increase of 24.2% was achieved when MZ was sprayed once. When compared with one application, two applications of foliar fertilizers were shown to effectively reduce the content of Cd in the leaves, glumes, and grains of wheat, while increasing the content of Cd in the roots and stems. Among all foliar fertilizers, the cadmium content in wheat grains was most effectively decreased using MZ2 (spraying twice at the tillering stage and the booting stage), with a reduction of 36.6%. At the same time, the target hazard coefficient (THQ) of foliar spraying was reduced, and using two bouts of foliar fertilizer spraying was more effective in reducing the health risks. In conclusion, MZ fertilizer sprayed twice was a desirable choice for wheat, which was conducive to the safe production of wheat on Cd-contaminated farmland and for contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The five foliar fertilizers increased wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- five types of foliar fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of five types of foliar fertilizers can lead to an increase in wheat yield, an inhibition of the transfer of cadmium to the edible parts of wheat, and a reduction in the human health risk (THQ).”
Claim · model-written summary
The five foliar fertilizers inhibited cadmium transfer to edible wheat parts.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- five types of foliar fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- transfer of cadmium to the edible parts of wheate0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of five types of foliar fertilizers can lead to an increase in wheat yield, an inhibition of the transfer of cadmium to the edible parts of wheat, and a reduction in the human health risk (THQ).”
Claim · model-written summary
The five foliar fertilizers reduced the estimated human health risk.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- five types of foliar fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- human health risk (THQ)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of five types of foliar fertilizers can lead to an increase in wheat yield, an inhibition of the transfer of cadmium to the edible parts of wheat, and a reduction in the human health risk (THQ).”
Claim · model-written summary
One manganese zinc spray raised spring wheat yield by 24.2% relative to water control.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MZ was sprayed oncee0
- Outcome
- yield of spring wheate0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 24.2%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the CK (the fresh water was used as the control), the impact of Cd stress on the yield of spring wheat was alleviated by the MZ treatment, and the largest yield increase of 24.2% was achieved when MZ was sprayed once.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two fertilizer applications reduced cadmium in wheat leaves, glumes and grains relative to one application.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- two applications of foliar fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- content of Cd in the leaves, glumes, and grains of wheate0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two applications of foliar fertilizers were shown to effectively reduce the content of Cd in the leaves, glumes, and grains of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Two fertilizer applications increased cadmium in wheat roots and stems relative to one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0e0
- Treatment
- two applications of foliar fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- content of Cd in the roots and stemse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- one applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When compared with one application, two applications of foliar fertilizers were shown to effectively reduce the content of Cd in the leaves, glumes, and grains of wheat, while increasing the content of Cd in the roots and stems.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
MZ2 reduced wheat grain cadmium most effectively, by 36.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MZ2e0
- Outcome
- cadmium content in wheat grainse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 36.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cadmium content in wheat grains was most effectively decreased using MZ2 (spraying twice at the tillering stage and the booting stage), with a reduction of 36.6%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two fertilizer sprays were more effective than one in reducing estimated health risk.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two bouts of foliar fertilizer sprayinge0
- Outcome
- health riskse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two bouts of foliar fertilizer spraying was more effective in reducing the health risks.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend two MZ sprays for safe wheat production on cadmium polluted farmland.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- MZ fertilizer sprayed twicee0
- Setting
- Cd-contaminated farmlande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MZ fertilizer sprayed twice was a desirable choice for wheat, which was conducive to the safe production of wheat on Cd-contaminated farmland”
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