Abstract
Soft rotting caused by Rhizopus stolonifer is one of the most important postharvest decays in Kokei No. 14 organic sweet potato roots. While various methods have been explored for controlling this pathogen, there remains a need for effective, safe, and applicable alternatives, particularly using essential oils (EOs). This study evaluated the efficacy of EOs, specifically carvacrol, thymol, and thyme oil, in controlling Rhizopus soft rot. We conducted both in vitro and in vivo tests to assess their effects on fungal mycelial growth, spore germination, and the incidence and severity of soft rot in sweet potatoes, along with quality evaluations of the roots. The results indicated that the vapor phase of carvacrol, thymol, and thyme oil was more effective than the contact phase in inhibiting fungal growth and spore germination. In vivo tests revealed that all three EOs significantly reduced the incidence and severity of soft rot, with thymol and thyme oil at 300 mg/L, and carvacrol at 500 mg/L being the most effective. Quality assessments showed minimal impact on properties such as firmness, weight loss, color, starch, carotenoids, and flavonoids, although residual odors increased. GC/MS analysis confirmed that thyme oil contained high levels of both thymol and carvacrol, along with other antimicrobial compounds, suggesting that the cumulative activity of these volatile compounds enhanced their bacteriostatic effects. Thyme oil demonstrated greater efficacy in reducing soft rot development compared to its individual components, making it a promising biofumigant for controlling postharvest diseases in Kokei No. 14 organic sweet potato roots. These findings emphasized the potential for using thyme oil as a safe and effective approach to managing postharvest decay.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The vapor phase of carvacrol was more effective than the contact phase at inhibiting fungal growth and spore germination.
- Taxon
- Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus stolonifert0 - Treatment
- carvacrole0
- Outcome
- fungal growth and spore germinatione0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- contact phasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the vapor phase of carvacrol, thymol, and thyme oil was more effective than the contact phase in inhibiting fungal growth and spore germination”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
The vapor phase of thymol was more effective than the contact phase at inhibiting fungal growth and spore germination.
- Taxon
- Rhizopus stoloniferRhizopus stolonifert0
- Treatment
- thymole0
- Outcome
- fungal growth and spore germinatione0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- contact phasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the vapor phase of carvacrol, thymol, and thyme oil was more effective than the contact phase in inhibiting fungal growth and spore germination”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
The vapor phase of thyme oil was more effective than the contact phase at inhibiting fungal growth and spore germination.
- Taxon
- Rhizopus stoloniferRhizopus stolonifert0
- Treatment
- thyme oile0
- Outcome
- fungal growth and spore germinatione0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- contact phasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the vapor phase of carvacrol, thymol, and thyme oil was more effective than the contact phase in inhibiting fungal growth and spore germination”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Carvacrol at 500 mg/L significantly reduced sweet potato soft rot incidence and severity and was among the most effective treatments.
- Taxon
- sweet potato
_Flower.jpg?width=60)
Ipomoea batatast0 - Treatment
- carvacrol at 500 mg/Le0
- Interactor
- Rhizopus stoloniferRhizopus stolonifert0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence and severity of soft rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Flower.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“all three EOs significantly reduced the incidence and severity of soft rot, with thymol and thyme oil at 300 mg/L, and carvacrol at 500 mg/L being the most effective”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol at 300 mg/L significantly reduced sweet potato soft rot incidence and severity and was among the most effective treatments.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatast0
- Treatment
- thymol and thyme oil at 300 mg/Le0
- Interactor
- Rhizopus stoloniferRhizopus stolonifert0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence and severity of soft rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all three EOs significantly reduced the incidence and severity of soft rot, with thymol and thyme oil at 300 mg/L, and carvacrol at 500 mg/L being the most effective”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Thyme oil at 300 mg/L significantly reduced sweet potato soft rot incidence and severity and was among the most effective treatments.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatast0
- Treatment
- thymol and thyme oil at 300 mg/Le0
- Interactor
- Rhizopus stoloniferRhizopus stolonifert0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence and severity of soft rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all three EOs significantly reduced the incidence and severity of soft rot, with thymol and thyme oil at 300 mg/L, and carvacrol at 500 mg/L being the most effective”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oils had minimal impact on sweet potato root firmness, weight loss, and color.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatast0
- Treatment
- thyme oilt0
- Outcome
- firmness, weight loss, colore0
- Direction
- minimal impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quality assessments showed minimal impact on properties such as firmness, weight loss, color, starch, carotenoids, and flavonoids, although residual odors increased”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oils had minimal impact on sweet potato root starch, carotenoids and flavonoids.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatast0
- Treatment
- thyme oilt0
- Outcome
- starch, carotenoids, and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- minimal impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quality assessments showed minimal impact on properties such as firmness, weight loss, color, starch, carotenoids, and flavonoids, although residual odors increased”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual odors increased after essential oil treatment.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatast0
- Treatment
- thyme oilt0
- Outcome
- residual odorse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quality assessments showed minimal impact on properties such as firmness, weight loss, color, starch, carotenoids, and flavonoids, although residual odors increased”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Thyme oil contained high levels of thymol and carvacrol, plus other antimicrobial compounds.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“thyme oil contained high levels of both thymol and carvacrol, along with other antimicrobial compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Thyme oil reduced sweet potato soft rot development more effectively than its individual components.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatast0
- Treatment
- Thyme oile0
- Interactor
- Rhizopus stoloniferRhizopus stolonifert0pathogen
- Outcome
- soft rot developmente0
- Direction
- greater efficacye0
- Comparator
- its individual componentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thyme oil demonstrated greater efficacy in reducing soft rot development compared to its individual components”
t0“The Control of Postharvest Soft Rot Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on Kokei No. 14 Organic Sweet Potato Roots by Carvacrol, Thymol, and Thyme Oil”