Abstract
Summary Natural genetic variation can be used to improve important crop agronomic traits, and understanding the genetic basis of natural variation in fruit shape can help breeders develop pepper varieties that meet market demand. In this study, we identified a QTL controlling fruit length–width ratio by conventional genetic mapping, encoding a previously uncharacterized gene CaIQD1 . Reduced CaIQD1 expression resulted in short and wide fruits in pepper, whereas heterologous overexpression of CaIQD1 resulted in narrower fruits in tomato. Further experiments suggested that CaIQD1 regulates fruit shape in pepper by affecting cell proliferation, expansion and morphological changes. CaIQD1 also has a direct protein interaction with CaOFP20 in CaTRM‐like‐CaOFP20. Reduced CaOFP20 expression caused pepper fruits to become elongated and curved, whereas reduced CaTRM‐like expression led to the formation of rounder fruits. These gene expression changes had a significant effect on the expression of genes related to the cell cycle and cell expansion. The CaTRM‐like‐CaOFP20‐CaIQD1 module may thus represent a conserved regulatory pathway for controlling pepper fruit shape. CaIQD1 also showed direct interactions with the pepper calmodulin CaCaM7, the tubulin CaMAP70‐2 and the microtubule motor protein CaKLCR1, suggesting that the regulation of fruit shape by CaIQD1 is related to changes in microtubule dynamics mediated by Ca 2+ ‐CaM. We also found that CaIQD1 interacts with several homologues of genes that typically regulate fruit shape in other plant species. In summary, our results show that CaIQD1 acts as a core hub in regulating pepper fruit shape through interactions with multiple proteins.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
A mapped QTL controlling pepper fruit length–width ratio encodes CaIQD1.
Verbatim
t0“pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“we identified a QTL controlling fruit length–width ratio by conventional genetic mapping, encoding a previously uncharacterized gene CaIQD1”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced CaIQD1 expression produced short, wide pepper fruits.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Reduced CaIQD1 expression resulted in short and wide fruits in pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterologous CaIQD1 overexpression produced narrower tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- heterologous overexpression of CaIQD1e0
- Gene
- CaIQD1e0
- Outcome
- fruitse0
- Direction
- narrowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heterologous overexpression of CaIQD1 resulted in narrower fruits in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
CaIQD1 affects pepper fruit shape through cell proliferation, expansion and morphological changes.
Verbatim
e0“CaIQD1 regulates fruit shape in pepper by affecting cell proliferation, expansion and morphological changes”
Claim · model-written summary
CaIQD1 directly interacts with CaOFP20 in the pepper fruit shape module.
Verbatim
t0“pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“CaIQD1 also has a direct protein interaction with CaOFP20 in CaTRM‐like‐CaOFP20”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced CaOFP20 expression produced elongated and curved pepper fruits.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Reduced CaOFP20 expression caused pepper fruits to become elongated and curved”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced CaTRM‐like expression produced rounder pepper fruits.
- Taxon
- peppert0
- Treatment
- reduced CaTRM‐like expressione0
- Gene
- CaTRM‐likee0
- Outcome
- fruitse0
- Direction
- roundere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“reduced CaTRM‐like expression led to the formation of rounder fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
These gene expression changes significantly affected expression of cell cycle and cell expansion genes.
- Taxon
- peppert0
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to the cell cycle and cell expansione0
- Qualifier
- These gene expression changese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“These gene expression changes had a significant effect on the expression of genes related to the cell cycle and cell expansion.”
Claim · model-written summary
The CaTRM‐like‐CaOFP20‐CaIQD1 module may be a conserved regulator of pepper fruit shape.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The CaTRM‐like‐CaOFP20‐CaIQD1 module may thus represent a conserved regulatory pathway for controlling pepper fruit shape.”
Claim · model-written summary
CaIQD1 directly interacts with pepper CaCaM7, CaMAP70‐2 and CaKLCR1.
Verbatim
e0“CaIQD1 also showed direct interactions with the pepper calmodulin CaCaM7, the tubulin CaMAP70‐2 and the microtubule motor protein CaKLCR1”
Claim · model-written summary
CaIQD1 regulation of pepper fruit shape may involve Ca2+–CaM mediated microtubule dynamics.
Verbatim
t0“pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“suggesting that the regulation of fruit shape by CaIQD1 is related to changes in microtubule dynamics mediated by Ca 2+ ‐CaM”
Claim · model-written summary
CaIQD1 interacts with homologues of genes that regulate fruit shape in other plant species.
Verbatim
t0“pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“CaIQD1 interacts with several homologues of genes that typically regulate fruit shape in other plant species”
Claim · model-written summary
CaIQD1 acts as a hub regulating pepper fruit shape via interactions with multiple proteins.
Verbatim
e0“CaIQD1 acts as a core hub in regulating pepper fruit shape through interactions with multiple proteins”