Paper · 2025 · Scientific Reports

Differential effects of rice irrigation modes on hydrothermal environment and yield from the perspective of TOPSIS model

Sun Xuemei; Wang Siyu; Huang Yan; et al.

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claims
20
verbatim quotes
2
citations
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research areas
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Open access · cc-by-nc-nd

Abstract

In order to clarify the effects of different water-saving irrigation modes on hydrothermal changes in paddy fields in the black soil zone, field experiments were set up in paddy fields in the standard black soil zone in 2023 and 2024 to investigate the changing patterns of water changes, paddy field temperature changes, rice plant height, number of tillers, SPAD, and yield under the shallow-wet irrigation mode (QS), the shallow-wet-dry irrigation mode (QSG), and the deep-wet-dry irrigation mode (SSG). The results showed that (1) controlling the lower irrigation limit and increasing the upper irrigation limit improved rainfall utilisation, and the QSG mode irrigation volume was reduced by 10.27% to 44.52% compared with the QS mode irrigation volume and SSG mode irrigation volume. Increasing the upper limit of irrigation and controlling the lower limit of irrigation helped to increase the canopy temperature, water layer temperature and soil layer temperature of rice. (2) In terms of rice growth, lowering the upper irrigation limit and controlling the lower irrigation limit inhibited the growth of rice plant height. Controlling the lower limit of irrigation would increase the effective number of rice tillers and improve the stem tiller spike formation rate, but it would reduce the SPAD and dry matter accumulations. Yield in QSG mode was significantly higher than that in QS and SSG modes, by 4.12% to 4.65% and 18.42% to 14.69%, respectively. (3) Evaluating the integrated hydrothermal changes and rice growth conditions according to the TOPSIS model, the QSG model was superior to the SSG model, and finally the QS model.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 10

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

QSG reduced irrigation volume relative to QS and SSG by 10.27% to 44.52%.

Treatment
QSG modee0
Outcome
irrigation volumee0
Direction
reducede0
Value
10.27% to 44.52%e0
Comparator
QS mode irrigation volume and SSG mode irrigation volumee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“QSG mode irrigation volume was reduced by 10.27% to 44.52% compared with the QS mode irrigation volume and SSG mode irrigation volume”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 655–788 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Changing irrigation limits increased rice canopy, water layer and soil layer temperatures.

Treatment
Increasing the upper limit of irrigation and controlling the lower limit of irrigatione0
Outcome
canopy temperature, water layer temperature and soil layer temperaturee0
Direction
increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“Increasing the upper limit of irrigation and controlling the lower limit of irrigation helped to increase the canopy temperature, water layer temperature and soil layer temperature of rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 790–978 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Lowering the upper irrigation limit while controlling the lower limit inhibited rice plant height.

Treatment
lowering the upper irrigation limit and controlling the lower irrigation limite0
Outcome
rice plant heighte0
Direction
inhibitede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“lowering the upper irrigation limit and controlling the lower irrigation limit inhibited the growth of rice plant height”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1009–1129 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Controlling the lower irrigation limit increased effective number of rice tillers.

Treatment
Controlling the lower limit of irrigatione0
Outcome
effective number of rice tillerse0
Direction
increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“Controlling the lower limit of irrigation would increase the effective number of rice tillers and improve the stem tiller spike formation rate, but it would reduce the SPAD and dry matter accumulations”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1131–1332 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Controlling the lower irrigation limit improved stem tiller spike formation rate.

Treatment
Controlling the lower limit of irrigatione0
Outcome
stem tiller spike formation ratee0
Direction
improvee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“Controlling the lower limit of irrigation would increase the effective number of rice tillers and improve the stem tiller spike formation rate, but it would reduce the SPAD and dry matter accumulations”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1131–1332 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Controlling the lower irrigation limit reduced SPAD.

Treatment
Controlling the lower limit of irrigatione0
Outcome
SPADe0
Direction
reducee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“Controlling the lower limit of irrigation would increase the effective number of rice tillers and improve the stem tiller spike formation rate, but it would reduce the SPAD and dry matter accumulations”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1131–1332 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Controlling the lower irrigation limit reduced dry matter accumulations.

Treatment
Controlling the lower limit of irrigatione0
Outcome
dry matter accumulationse0
Direction
reducee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“Controlling the lower limit of irrigation would increase the effective number of rice tillers and improve the stem tiller spike formation rate, but it would reduce the SPAD and dry matter accumulations”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1131–1332 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

QSG rice yield was significantly higher than QS by 4.12% to 4.65%.

Treatment
QSG modee0
Outcome
Yielde0
Direction
highere0
Value
4.12% to 4.65%e0
Comparator
QSe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“Yield in QSG mode was significantly higher than that in QS and SSG modes, by 4.12% to 4.65% and 18.42% to 14.69%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1334–1460 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

QSG rice yield was significantly higher than SSG by 18.42% to 14.69%.

Treatment
QSG modee0
Outcome
Yielde0
Direction
highere0
Value
18.42% to 14.69%e0
Comparator
SSGe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“Yield in QSG mode was significantly higher than that in QS and SSG modes, by 4.12% to 4.65% and 18.42% to 14.69%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1334–1460 · show in text ↑
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivesimulated

Claim · model-written summary

TOPSIS ranked QSG above SSG and QS for integrated hydrothermal and rice growth conditions.

Outcome
integrated hydrothermal changes and rice growth conditionse0
Direction
superiore0
Comparator
SSG modele0

Not reportedValue

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–28 · show in text ↑
e0

“Evaluating the integrated hydrothermal changes and rice growth conditions according to the TOPSIS model, the QSG model was superior to the SSG model, and finally the QS model”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1466–1640 · show in text ↑

irrigation · physiology: pigments · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

29 papers: 21 positive, 8 negative or no effect

20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

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  3. no effect

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irrigation · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

291 papers: 222 positive, 69 negative or no effect

221 papers in the same direction as this paper · 62 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. negative

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irrigation · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

1,171 papers: 906 positive, 265 negative or no effect

905 papers in the same direction as this paper · 201 in the opposite direction · 64 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. negative

1,167 papers more in this group

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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.