Paper · 2025 · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science

The Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Biofertilizer to Reduce Chemical Fertilizer Use in Calcareous Soil

L F Ishaq; F C Amalia; Y I Benggu; et al.

9
claims
18
verbatim quotes
1
citations
3
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial soil fungi with potential as a biofertilizer. Since calcareous soil in the Timor dryland is infertile and has capacity to fix phosphorus (P), the application of AMF could be an alternative to improve plant productivity in the region. A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil. The trial was arranged in a split-plot design, with AMF inoculation as the main plot factor and NPK fertilizer as the sub-plot factor. The main plots included two levels: without AMF inoculation (M0) and AMF inoculation (M1), while the sub-plots consisted of four NPK rates: P1 (25%), P2 (50%), P3 (75%) and P4 (100%) of the recommended rate (200 kg NPK ha −1 ). The results revealed a significant interaction between AMF application and NPK fertilizer dose on plant fresh biomass, number of pods, seed dry weight, soil available P, AMF spores density and AMF colonization. Plants inoculated with AMF combined with a low dose of NPK fertilizer, particularly 25% NPK, had higher plant fresh biomass, number of pods and seed dry weight compared to plants supplied with a high level of inorganic fertilizer alone. Under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer, the highest seed dry weight was 17.97 g plant −1 , while under the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK), the seed dry weight only 10.1 g plant −1 , representing a 77% increase. AMF inoculation combined with NPK fertilizer increased P availability more effectively than NPK fertilizer alone. High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced plant growth and yield, AMF spore density and colonization. Further studies on a larger scale are needed to confirm these findings.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 9

Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

AMF by NPK interaction was significant for plant fresh biomass, number of pods and seed dry weight of green gram.

Treatment
AMF application and NPK fertilizer dosee1
Interactor
AMFe1symbiont
Outcome
plant fresh biomass, number of pods, seed dry weighte1

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e1

“The results revealed a significant interaction between AMF application and NPK fertilizer dose on plant fresh biomass, number of pods, seed dry weight, soil available P, AMF spores density and AMF colonization”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–1041 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

AMF by NPK interaction was significant for soil available P, AMF spore density and AMF colonization.

Treatment
AMF application and NPK fertilizer dosee1
Interactor
AMFe1symbiont
Outcome
soil available P, AMF spores density and AMF colonizatione1

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e1

“The results revealed a significant interaction between AMF application and NPK fertilizer dose on plant fresh biomass, number of pods, seed dry weight, soil available P, AMF spores density and AMF colonization”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–1041 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

AMF combined with a low dose of NPK fertilizer increased fresh biomass, pod number and seed dry weight of green gram relative to a high level of inorganic fertilizer alone.

Treatment
AMF combined with a low dose of NPK fertilizere2
Interactor
AMFe2symbiont
Outcome
plant fresh biomass, number of pods and seed dry weighte2
Direction
highere2
Qualifier
25% NPKe2
Comparator
a high level of inorganic fertilizer alonee2
Setting
field experimente0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e2

“Plants inoculated with AMF combined with a low dose of NPK fertilizer, particularly 25% NPK, had higher plant fresh biomass, number of pods and seed dry weight compared to plants supplied with a high level of inorganic fertilizer alone”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1043–1278 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

AMF inoculation combined with NPK fertilizer increased P availability more effectively than NPK fertilizer alone.

Treatment
AMF inoculation combined with NPK fertilizere3
Interactor
AMFe3symbiont
Outcome
P availabilitye3
Direction
increasede3
Qualifier
more effectivelye3
Comparator
NPK fertilizer alonee3

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e3

“AMF inoculation combined with NPK fertilizer increased P availability more effectively than NPK fertilizer alone”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1512–1624 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced green gram growth and yield.

Treatment
High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMFe4
Interactor
AMFe4symbiont
Outcome
plant growth and yielde4
Direction
reducede4

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e4

“High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced plant growth and yield, AMF spore density and colonization”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1626–1746 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced AMF spore density and colonization.

Treatment
High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMFe4
Interactor
AMFe4symbiont
Outcome
AMF spore density and colonizatione4
Direction
reducede4

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e4

“High levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with AMF reduced plant growth and yield, AMF spore density and colonization”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1626–1746 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The highest seed dry weight of green gram, 17.97 g plant −1, was obtained under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer.

Treatment
AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizere5
Interactor
AMFe5symbiont
Outcome
seed dry weighte5
Value
17.97 g plant −1e5
Qualifier
higheste5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e5

“Under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer, the highest seed dry weight was 17.97 g plant −1, while under the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK), the seed dry weight only 10.1 g plant −1, representing a 77% increase”

✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · abstract, characters 1280–1510 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Under 100% NPK alone, seed dry weight of green gram was 10.1 g plant −1.

Treatment
the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK)e5
Outcome
seed dry weighte5
Value
10.1 g plant −1e5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e5

“Under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer, the highest seed dry weight was 17.97 g plant −1, while under the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK), the seed dry weight only 10.1 g plant −1, representing a 77% increase”

✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · abstract, characters 1280–1510 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

AMF combined with 25% NPK increased seed dry weight by 77% relative to the highest NPK regime alone.

Treatment
AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizere5
Interactor
AMFe5symbiont
Outcome
seed dry weighte5
Direction
increasee5
Value
77%e5
Comparator
the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK)e5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. radiata · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil to evaluate the potential of AMF to reduce NPK fertilizer and its effect on green gram growth and yield in calcareous soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 293–467 · show in text ↑
e5

“Under AMF inoculation combined with 25% NPK fertilizer, the highest seed dry weight was 17.97 g plant −1, while under the highest NPK regime alone (100% NPK), the seed dry weight only 10.1 g plant −1, representing a 77% increase”

✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · abstract, characters 1280–1510 · show in text ↑

mycorrhiza · growth · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results

23 papers: 22 positive, 1 negative or no effect

21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. positive
  3. positive

19 papers more in this group

See all 23 papers →

inoculation · growth · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results

126 papers: 118 positive, 8 negative or no effect

117 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. negative

122 papers more in this group

See all 126 papers →

fertilization · growth · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results

145 papers: 140 positive, 5 negative or no effect

139 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. no effect
  2. no effect
  3. no effect

141 papers more in this group

See all 145 papers →

fertilization · yield · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results

375 papers: 364 positive, 11 negative or no effect

363 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. no effect

371 papers more in this group

See all 375 papers →

mycorrhiza · yield · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree

26 papers: 26 positive, 0 negative or no effect

25 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

22 papers more in this group

See all 26 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.