Abstract
Climate variability, particularly freeze stress, poses a substantial challenge to crop yields worldwide. This study examined the impact of early 2024 freeze stress on rapeseed yields in the Yangtze River Basin, China, and assessed yield responses to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer rates. Six field experiments with varying N, P, and K fertilizer rates were conducted from 2022 to 2024 at two sites. In 2023–2024, a severe freeze event caused yield losses ranging from 13.4% to 63.3%, depending on nutrient fertilizer rates and sites. The effect of N fertilization on mitigating freeze stress varied across different sites, while high P fertilizer rates were associated with a reduced yield decline under freeze stress. The K fertilizer application also decreased the yield reductions caused by the freeze stress. Freeze stress disproportionately affected yield components, particularly the number of siliques per plant. Membership function values (MFV) were used as a comprehensive indicator of yield-related traits to quantify the combined effects of freeze stress and fertilization on rapeseed yield. The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were 343 kg N ha −1 , 118 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 , and 166 kg K 2 O ha −1 for 2022–2023 and 239 kg N ha −1 , 110 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 , and 169 kg K 2 O ha −1 for 2023–2024. These results highlight the importance of balanced nutrient management in improving rapeseed resilience to freeze stress and provide practical recommendations for optimizing nutrient management in cold-prone regions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The 2023–2024 freeze event caused rapeseed yield losses of 13.4% to 63.3%, varying with fertilizer rates and sites.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- severe freeze evente0
- Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Value
- 13.4% to 63.3%e0
- Qualifier
- depending on nutrient fertilizer rates and sitese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“In 2023–2024, a severe freeze event caused yield losses ranging from 13.4% to 63.3%, depending on nutrient fertilizer rates and sites.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization varied among sites in its mitigation of freeze stress.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- effect of N fertilization on mitigating freeze stresse0
- Setting
- different sitese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“The effect of N fertilization on mitigating freeze stress varied across different sites”
Claim · model-written summary
High phosphorus fertilizer rates were associated with reduced yield decline under freeze stress.
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“high P fertilizer rates were associated with a reduced yield decline under freeze stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilizer application decreased yield reductions caused by freeze stress.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“The K fertilizer application also decreased the yield reductions caused by the freeze stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Freeze stress disproportionately affected the number of siliques per plant.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“Freeze stress disproportionately affected yield components, particularly the number of siliques per plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
The nitrogen rate maximizing MFV was 343 kg N ha −1 in 2022–2023.
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were 343 kg N ha −1 , 118 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 , and 166 kg K 2 O ha −1 for 2022–2023”
Claim · model-written summary
The phosphorus rate maximizing MFV was 118 kg P2O5 ha −1 in 2022–2023.
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were 343 kg N ha −1 , 118 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 , and 166 kg K 2 O ha −1 for 2022–2023”
Claim · model-written summary
The potassium rate maximizing MFV was 166 kg K2O ha −1 in 2022–2023.
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were 343 kg N ha −1 , 118 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 , and 166 kg K 2 O ha −1 for 2022–2023”
Claim · model-written summary
The nitrogen rate maximizing MFV was 239 kg N ha −1 in 2023–2024.
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“239 kg N ha −1 , 110 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 , and 169 kg K 2 O ha −1 for 2023–2024”
e1“The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were”
Claim · model-written summary
The phosphorus rate maximizing MFV was 110 kg P2O5 ha −1 in 2023–2024.
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“239 kg N ha −1 , 110 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 , and 169 kg K 2 O ha −1 for 2023–2024”
e1“The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were”
Claim · model-written summary
The potassium rate maximizing MFV was 169 kg K2O ha −1 in 2023–2024.
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“239 kg N ha −1 , 110 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 , and 169 kg K 2 O ha −1 for 2023–2024”
e1“The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend balanced nutrient management to improve rapeseed resilience to freeze stress.
- Outcome
- balanced nutrient managemente0
Verbatim
t0“rapeseed”
e0“importance of balanced nutrient management in improving rapeseed resilience to freeze stress”
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