Abstract
BACKGROUND: Synthetic fungicides raise environmental and health concerns, and microorganisms are emerging as promising natural antagonists in plant protection. This study evaluated strain XY101 and its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as biocontrol agents against pear Valsa canker caused by Vasal pyri, aiming to identify the antifungal mechanisms and key compounds. RESULTS: The biocontrol fungus was identified as Trichoderma asperellum. Trichoderma asperellum XY101 strongly suppressed the mycelial growth of Vasal pyri on culture plates. A colonization assay indicated that the VOCs produced by T. asperellum XY101 significantly reduced the pathogenicity of Vasal pyri on detached pear twigs, with an inhibition rate of 78.96%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser confocal microscopy revealed that VOCs produced by T. asperellum XY101 caused abnormal changes in mycelial ultrastructure and damaged the integrity of fungal cell membrane. The results of headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) analysis showed the detection of 24 possible VOCs produced by strain XY101, with 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol identified as the primary antagonistic VOCs affecting pear Valsa canker. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that these VOCs modulated gene expression in pathogenic fungal strains related to metabolism, membrane damage, pathogenicity, and resistance. CONCLUSION: Trichoderma asperellum XY101 and its VOCs, 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol, showed effective inhibitory effects against Vasal pyri, providing a basis for the development of VOCs-based biological fumigants to manage pear Valsa canker. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The biocontrol isolate was identified as Trichoderma asperellum.
- Taxon
- pear
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communist0 - Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum
Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- biocontrol fungus was identified as Trichoderma asperellume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The biocontrol fungus was identified as Trichoderma asperellum”
t0“pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum XY101 strongly suppressed Vasal pyri mycelial growth on culture plates.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma asperellum XY101e0
- Interactor
- Vasal pyrie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum XY101Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of Vasal pyrie0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Setting
- culture platese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma asperellum XY101 strongly suppressed the mycelial growth of Vasal pyri on culture plates”
t0“pear”
Claim · model-written summary
XY101 VOCs reduced Vasal pyri pathogenicity on detached pear twigs by 78.96%.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Organ / stage
- detached pear twigse0
- Treatment
- VOCs produced by T. asperellum XY101e0
- Interactor
- Vasal pyrie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. asperellum XY101Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pathogenicity of Vasal pyrie0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 78.96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the VOCs produced by T. asperellum XY101 significantly reduced the pathogenicity of Vasal pyri on detached pear twigs, with an inhibition rate of 78.96%”
Claim · model-written summary
XY101 VOCs caused abnormal changes in Vasal pyri mycelial ultrastructure.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- VOCs produced by T. asperellum XY101e0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum XY101Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abnormal changes in mycelial ultrastructuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VOCs produced by T. asperellum XY101 caused abnormal changes in mycelial ultrastructure and damaged the integrity of fungal cell membrane”
t0“pear”
Claim · model-written summary
XY101 VOCs damaged fungal cell membrane integrity.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- VOCs produced by T. asperellum XY101e0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum XY101Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- integrity of fungal cell membranee0
- Direction
- damagede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VOCs produced by T. asperellum XY101 caused abnormal changes in mycelial ultrastructure and damaged the integrity of fungal cell membrane”
t0“pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-four possible VOCs produced by XY101 were detected.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- possible VOCs produced by strain XY101e0
- Value
- 24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“detection of 24 possible VOCs produced by strain XY101”
t0“pear”
Claim · model-written summary
3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol was identified as a primary antagonistic VOC affecting pear Valsa canker.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Outcome
- 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanole0
- Qualifier
- primary antagonistic VOCs affecting pear Valsa cankere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol identified as the primary antagonistic VOCs affecting pear Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
1-octen-3-ol was identified as a primary antagonistic VOC affecting pear Valsa canker.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Outcome
- 1-octen-3-ole0
- Qualifier
- primary antagonistic VOCs affecting pear Valsa cankere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol identified as the primary antagonistic VOCs affecting pear Valsa canker”
Claim · model-written summary
The VOCs modulated Vasal pyri gene expression related to metabolism, membrane damage, pathogenicity and resistance.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- these VOCse0
- Outcome
- gene expression in pathogenic fungal strainse0
- Direction
- modulatede0
- Qualifier
- related to metabolism, membrane damage, pathogenicity, and resistancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these VOCs modulated gene expression in pathogenic fungal strains related to metabolism, membrane damage, pathogenicity, and resistance”
t0“pear”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose XY101 VOCs as a basis for biological fumigants against pear Valsa canker.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise0
- Outcome
- development of VOCs-based biological fumigants to manage pear Valsa cankere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“providing a basis for the development of VOCs-based biological fumigants to manage pear Valsa canker”