Abstract
The inefficient irrigation strategy is an important factor affecting the yield and water productivity of tomatoes in greenhouses, seriously hindering the development of the cultivation industry. While the impact of irrigation level on tomato growth and yield has been extensively studied, irrigation interval, another crucial component of irrigation schedule, as well as their interaction, remain poorly explored. There were four irrigation levels (W1: 125% ETc, W2: 100% ETc, W3: 75% ETc, and W4: 50% ETc; ETc represented crop evapotranspiration) and three irrigation intervals (D1: 4-day interval, D2: 7-day interval, and D3: 10-day interval), aiming to explore the effects of different irrigation intervals and levels on the performance of tomatoes. Here, we showed that the moderate increases in irrigation level and interval promoted root growth, improved nitrogen uptake and distribution, and enhanced plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and aboveground biomass, thereby promoting the net photosynthetic rate of plants and fruit yield. The fruit quality indicators of total soluble solids, vitamin C, and soluble sugar decreased with increasing irrigation level but increased with decreasing irrigation interval. Higher irrigation levels increased tomato water consumption and resulted in lower water-nitrogen use efficiency. Overall, compared with W2D2 and W2D3, the yield of W2D1 increased by 8.0% and 26.1%, respectively, and the water productivity increased by 5.7% and 19.3%, respectively, and the soluble sugar increased by 7.1% and 17.5%, respectively. In addition, nitrogen uptake in tomato organs increased and then decreased with the increase of irrigation level, while it consistently increased with decreasing irrigation interval. At the harvest period, the nitrogen uptake in plant organs followed the order of fruit > leaf > stem. Taken together, W2D1 (100% ETc and 4-day interval) is the recommended irrigation strategy for this experiment, which can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the sustainable production strategy of greenhouse drip irrigation tomatoes.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate irrigation level and interval increases promoted tomato root growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- moderate increases in irrigation level and intervale0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate increases in irrigation level and interval promoted root growth”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate irrigation changes improved nitrogen uptake and distribution.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- moderate increases in irrigation level and intervale0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake and distributione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate increases in irrigation level and interval promoted root growth, improved nitrogen uptake and distribution”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate irrigation changes enhanced tomato plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- moderate increases in irrigation level and intervale1
- Outcome
- plant height, stem diameter, leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and aboveground biomass”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“moderate increases in irrigation level and interval”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate irrigation changes enhanced aboveground biomass.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- moderate increases in irrigation level and intervale1
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and aboveground biomass”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“moderate increases in irrigation level and interval”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate irrigation changes promoted net photosynthetic rate and fruit yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- moderate increases in irrigation level and intervale1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate of plants and fruit yielde0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby promoting the net photosynthetic rate of plants and fruit yield.”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“moderate increases in irrigation level and interval”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation level decreased soluble solids, vitamin C and soluble sugar.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation levele0
- Outcome
- total soluble solids, vitamin C, and soluble sugare0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total soluble solids, vitamin C, and soluble sugar decreased with increasing irrigation level”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreasing irrigation interval increased soluble solids, vitamin C and soluble sugar.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- decreasing irrigation intervale0
- Outcome
- total soluble solids, vitamin C, and soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total soluble solids, vitamin C, and soluble sugar decreased with increasing irrigation level but increased with decreasing irrigation interval.”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation levels increased tomato water consumption.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Higher irrigation levelse0
- Outcome
- tomato water consumptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher irrigation levels increased tomato water consumption and resulted in lower water-nitrogen use efficiency.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation levels lowered water-nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Higher irrigation levelse0
- Outcome
- water-nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher irrigation levels increased tomato water consumption and resulted in lower water-nitrogen use efficiency.”
Claim · model-written summary
W2D1 yield was 8.0% above W2D2.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2D1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.0%e0
- Comparator
- W2D2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with W2D2 and W2D3, the yield of W2D1 increased by 8.0% and 26.1%, respectively”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
W2D1 yield was 26.1% above W2D3.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2D1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.1%e0
- Comparator
- W2D3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with W2D2 and W2D3, the yield of W2D1 increased by 8.0% and 26.1%, respectively”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
W2D1 water productivity was 5.7% above W2D2.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2D1e1
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.7%e0
- Comparator
- W2D2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the water productivity increased by 5.7% and 19.3%, respectively”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“compared with W2D2 and W2D3, the yield of W2D1 increased”
Claim · model-written summary
W2D1 water productivity was 19.3% above W2D3.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2D1e1
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.3%e0
- Comparator
- W2D3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the water productivity increased by 5.7% and 19.3%, respectively”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“compared with W2D2 and W2D3, the yield of W2D1 increased”
Claim · model-written summary
W2D1 soluble sugar was 7.1% above W2D2.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2D1e1
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.1%e0
- Comparator
- W2D2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soluble sugar increased by 7.1% and 17.5%, respectively”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“compared with W2D2 and W2D3, the yield of W2D1 increased”
Claim · model-written summary
W2D1 soluble sugar was 17.5% above W2D3.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2D1e1
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.5%e0
- Comparator
- W2D3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soluble sugar increased by 7.1% and 17.5%, respectively”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“compared with W2D2 and W2D3, the yield of W2D1 increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake in tomato organs rose then fell as irrigation level increased.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- increase of irrigation levele0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake in tomato organse0
- Direction
- increased and then decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen uptake in tomato organs increased and then decreased with the increase of irrigation level”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake rose as irrigation intervals shortened.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- decreasing irrigation intervale0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake in tomato organse1
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it consistently increased with decreasing irrigation interval.”
e1“nitrogen uptake in tomato organs increased and then decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest, nitrogen uptake ranked fruit above leaf above stem.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruit > leaf > steme0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake in plant organse0
- Direction
- fruit > leaf > steme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the harvest period, the nitrogen uptake in plant organs followed the order of fruit > leaf > stem.”
t0“Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend W2D1 irrigation for greenhouse tomatoes.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- W2D1 (100% ETc and 4-day interval)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2D1 (100% ETc and 4-day interval) is the recommended irrigation strategy for this experiment”
e1“greenhouse drip irrigation tomatoes”
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