Abstract
Introduction This study aims to identify and characterize four Trichoderma isolates using molecular techniques, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) profiling. Methods The antagonistic activity of these isolates was assessed against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC) and Sclerotium rolfsii (SR) using a dual culture technique. The synergistic effect of Trichoderma harzianum (accession no. PP256488) combined with biochar (BC) was evaluated for plant growth enhancement and disease suppression. Four Trichoderma isolates ( T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. virens , and T. lixii ) were identified through ITS region analysis, VOC profiling, and FTIR spectroscopy. Results Molecular analysis confirmed their distinct identities, and GC-MS analysis revealed 37 VOCs out of 162 with antipathogenic properties. Unique FTIR peaks were recorded at 3271.96 cm −1 for T. virens , 2800–2900 cm −1 for T. asperellum , and 2850–2950 cm −1 for both T. lixii and T. harzianum . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of T. harzianum revealed mycoparasitic structures, including hyphal coils, penetration holes, and appressoria, indicating effective pathogen interaction. The combined application of Trichoderma and biochar (T9) significantly enhanced root length (9.23 cm), plant height (26.03 cm), and root mass (43.33 g) in chickpea plants. Moreover, treatments (T9) and (T10) reduced the disease incidence in chickpeas, decreasing fusarium wilt by 27% and collar rot by 33%, respectively. Conclusion This sustainable approach exhibits the potential of combined application of Trichoderma and biochar which can enhance plant growth and reduce disease incidence, and improve food security.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Four Trichoderma isolates were identified.
- Taxon
- chickpeas
Cicer arietinumt0 - Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Four Trichoderma isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four Trichoderma isolates ( T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. virens , and T. lixii ) were identified through ITS region analysis, VOC profiling, and FTIR spectroscopy.”
t0“chickpeas”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS identified 37 VOCs with antipathogenic properties.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- VOCs out of 162 with antipathogenic propertiese0
- Value
- 37 VOCse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC-MS analysis revealed 37 VOCs out of 162 with antipathogenic properties.”
t0“chickpeas”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolates had distinct FTIR peaks.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- T. virensTrichoderma virense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Unique FTIR peakse0
- Value
- 3271.96 cm −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Unique FTIR peaks were recorded at 3271.96 cm −1 for T. virens , 2800–2900 cm −1 for T. asperellum , and 2850–2950 cm −1 for both T. lixii and T. harzianum .”
t0“chickpeas”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum formed mycoparasitic structures.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycoparasitic structures, including hyphal coils, penetration holes, and appressoriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum revealed mycoparasitic structures, including hyphal coils, penetration holes, and appressoria”
t0“chickpeas”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 enhanced root length to 9.23 cm.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- combined application of Trichoderma and biochar (T9)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 9.23 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of Trichoderma and biochar (T9) significantly enhanced root length (9.23 cm), plant height (26.03 cm), and root mass (43.33 g) in chickpea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 enhanced plant height to 26.03 cm.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- combined application of Trichoderma and biochar (T9)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 26.03 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of Trichoderma and biochar (T9) significantly enhanced root length (9.23 cm), plant height (26.03 cm), and root mass (43.33 g) in chickpea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 enhanced root mass to 43.33 g.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- combined application of Trichoderma and biochar (T9)e0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 43.33 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of Trichoderma and biochar (T9) significantly enhanced root length (9.23 cm), plant height (26.03 cm), and root mass (43.33 g) in chickpea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 reduced fusarium wilt by 27%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments (T9) and (T10) reduced the disease incidence in chickpeas, decreasing fusarium wilt by 27% and collar rot by 33%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
T10 reduced collar rot by 33%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments (T9) and (T10) reduced the disease incidence in chickpeas, decreasing fusarium wilt by 27% and collar rot by 33%, respectively.”
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See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.