Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of nitrogen utilization in maize-soybean intercropping system under reduced fertilization, we conducted a spilt-plot experiment, with maize monoculture, soybean monoculture and maize-soybean intercropping as the main plot, and no fertilization, reduced fertilization (by 20%) and conventional fertilization as the sub-plot. We examined the effects of different cropping patterns and fertilization rates on crop nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen translocation, soil nitrogen content and yield. The results showed that nitrogen accumulation of intercropped maize and soybean under reduced fertilization was reduced at different growing stages. The total nitrogen accumulation in intercropping pattern was higher than the monoculture patterns, and nitrogen use efficiency was significantly increased by 13.6% and 129.1%, respectively. In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization significantly increased by 5.8%-42.7% and 31.8%-35.4% at different growing stages except soybean at flowering stage, nitrogen translocation amount significantly increased by 114.8% and 40.7%, the nitrogen utilization efficiency significantly increased by 38.0% and 46.6%, the nitrate content in the 0-40 cm soil layer significantly increased by 4.5%-20.1% and 21.0%-52.7%, but without any significant changes in yield. The land equivalent ratio of intercropping pattern ranged from 1.14 to 1.50, which had yield advantage. In conclusion, reduced fertilization in maize-soybean intercropping system achieved efficient nitrogen utilization by enhancing accumulation and translocation of nitrogen and maintaining crop yield.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced fertilization reduced nitrogen accumulation in intercropped maize at different growing stages.
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at different growing stagese0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen accumulation of intercropped maize and soybean under reduced fertilization was reduced at different growing stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced fertilization reduced nitrogen accumulation in intercropped soybean at different growing stages.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at different growing stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen accumulation of intercropped maize and soybean under reduced fertilization was reduced at different growing stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Total nitrogen accumulation was higher in intercropping than monoculture.
Verbatim
e0“The total nitrogen accumulation in intercropping pattern was higher than the monoculture patterns”
t0“maize-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly increased maize nitrogen use efficiency by 13.6% relative to monoculture.
- Treatment
- intercropping patterne0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.6%e0
- Comparator
- monoculture patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total nitrogen accumulation in intercropping pattern was higher than the monoculture patterns, and nitrogen use efficiency was significantly increased by 13.6% and 129.1%, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly increased soybean nitrogen use efficiency by 129.1% relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- intercropping patterne0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 129.1%e0
- Comparator
- monoculture patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total nitrogen accumulation in intercropping pattern was higher than the monoculture patterns, and nitrogen use efficiency was significantly increased by 13.6% and 129.1%, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize nitrogen accumulation under reduced fertilization in intercropping significantly increased by 5.8%-42.7% across growing stages.
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.8%-42.7%e0
- Qualifier
- at different growing stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization significantly increased by 5.8%-42.7% and 31.8%-35.4% at different growing stages except soybean at flowering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean nitrogen accumulation under reduced fertilization in intercropping significantly increased by 31.8%-35.4%, except at flowering.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31.8%-35.4%e0
- Qualifier
- except soybean at flowering stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization significantly increased by 5.8%-42.7% and 31.8%-35.4% at different growing stages except soybean at flowering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize nitrogen translocation amount significantly increased by 114.8% under reduced fertilization in intercropping.
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- nitrogen translocation amounte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 114.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen translocation amount significantly increased by 114.8% and 40.7%”
e1“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean nitrogen translocation amount significantly increased by 40.7% under reduced fertilization in intercropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- nitrogen translocation amounte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen translocation amount significantly increased by 114.8% and 40.7%”
e1“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize nitrogen utilization efficiency significantly increased by 38.0% under reduced fertilization in intercropping.
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- nitrogen utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nitrogen utilization efficiency significantly increased by 38.0% and 46.6%”
e1“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean nitrogen utilization efficiency significantly increased by 46.6% under reduced fertilization in intercropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- nitrogen utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nitrogen utilization efficiency significantly increased by 38.0% and 46.6%”
e1“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate content increased significantly by 4.5%-20.1% for the maize-associated comparison under reduced fertilization in intercropping.
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- nitrate content in the 0-40 cm soil layere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.5%-20.1%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the nitrate content in the 0-40 cm soil layer significantly increased by 4.5%-20.1% and 21.0%-52.7%”
e1“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate content increased significantly by 21.0%-52.7% for the soybean-associated comparison under reduced fertilization in intercropping.
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- nitrate content in the 0-40 cm soil layere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.0%-52.7%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the nitrate content in the 0-40 cm soil layer significantly increased by 4.5%-20.1% and 21.0%-52.7%”
e1“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield showed no significant change under reduced fertilization in intercropping.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but without any significant changes in yield”
e1“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield showed no significant change under reduced fertilization in intercropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- without any significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but without any significant changes in yield”
e1“In the maize-soybean intercropping system, nitrogen accumulation of maize and soybean under reduced fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping land equivalent ratio ranged from 1.14 to 1.50, indicating a yield advantage.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The land equivalent ratio of intercropping pattern ranged from 1.14 to 1.50, which had yield advantage”
t0“maize-soybean”
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