Abstract
All parts of the hawthorn tree (Crataegus spp.), including fruits, flowers, and leaves, have been used as a source of bioactive compounds. Thus, in this investigation, the twigs of two species of hawthorn plant of Crataegus azarolus (C. azarolus) and Crataegus monogyna (C. monogyna) were evaluated for bioactive compositions and biological activity (antioxidant and antimicrobial activities). To evaluate bioactive compositions, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied, and for biological activity, biochemical assays were performed. C. monogyna revealed a higher amount of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin contents compared to C. azarolus. The HPLC results indicated the highest amount of kaempferol (14.40%), catechin (17.70%), and gallic acid (25%) in twigs of C. azarolus, while the maximum quercetin (72%) compound was present in C. monogyna. C. monogyna exhibited higher antioxidant activity by 1,1-dizarophenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (86.13%) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (92.93%) compared to C. azarolus for antioxidant activity-DPPH (81.86%) and -ABTS (87.47%) assay. In the case of antimicrobial activity, the twigs of both species (especially C. azarolus) have a capacity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The results of this study revealed that the twigs of both species contained a high amount of phenolic metabolites and antioxidant activity, while they showed low antimicrobial activity.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
C. monogyna had higher total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents than C. azarolus.
- Taxon
- C. monogyna
_Crataegus_monogyna_-_flowers_and_buds.jpg?width=60)
Crataegus monogynae1 - Outcome
- total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin contentse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- C. azaroluse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Crataegus_monogyna_-_flowers_and_buds.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“C. monogyna revealed a higher amount of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin contents compared to C. azarolus”
Claim · model-written summary
C. azarolus twigs contained the highest amount of kaempferol, 14.40%.
- Taxon
- C. azarolus
Crataegus azaroluse1 - Organ / stage
- twigse1
- Outcome
- kaempferole1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 14.40%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The HPLC results indicated the highest amount of kaempferol (14.40%), catechin (17.70%), and gallic acid (25%) in twigs of C. azarolus”
Claim · model-written summary
C. azarolus twigs contained the highest amount of catechin, 17.70%.
- Taxon
- C. azarolusCrataegus azaroluse1
- Organ / stage
- twigse1
- Outcome
- catechine1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 17.70%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The HPLC results indicated the highest amount of kaempferol (14.40%), catechin (17.70%), and gallic acid (25%) in twigs of C. azarolus”
Claim · model-written summary
C. azarolus twigs contained the highest amount of gallic acid, 25%.
- Taxon
- C. azarolusCrataegus azaroluse1
- Organ / stage
- twigse1
- Outcome
- gallic acide1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 25%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The HPLC results indicated the highest amount of kaempferol (14.40%), catechin (17.70%), and gallic acid (25%) in twigs of C. azarolus”
Claim · model-written summary
C. monogyna had the maximum quercetin content, 72%.
- Taxon
- C. monogynaCrataegus monogynae2
- Organ / stage
- twigse1
- Outcome
- quercetine2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 72%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The HPLC results indicated the highest amount of kaempferol (14.40%), catechin (17.70%), and gallic acid (25%) in twigs of C. azarolus”
e2“while the maximum quercetin (72%) compound was present in C. monogyna”
Claim · model-written summary
C. monogyna showed higher DPPH antioxidant activity, 86.13%, than C. azarolus.
- Taxon
- C. monogynaCrataegus monogynae3
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity by 1,1-dizarophenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)e3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 86.13%e3
- Qualifier
- 81.86%e3
- Comparator
- C. azaroluse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“C. monogyna exhibited higher antioxidant activity by 1,1-dizarophenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (86.13%) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (92.93%) compared to C. azarolus for antioxidant activity-DPPH (81.86%) and -ABTS (87.47%) assay”
Claim · model-written summary
C. monogyna showed higher ABTS antioxidant activity, 92.93%, than C. azarolus.
- Taxon
- C. monogynaCrataegus monogynae3
- Outcome
- 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)e3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 92.93%e3
- Qualifier
- 87.47%e3
- Comparator
- C. azaroluse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“C. monogyna exhibited higher antioxidant activity by 1,1-dizarophenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (86.13%) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (92.93%) compared to C. azarolus for antioxidant activity-DPPH (81.86%) and -ABTS (87.47%) assay”
Claim · model-written summary
Twigs of both species had a capacity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, especially C. azarolus.
- Taxon
- Crataegus azarolus and Crataegus monogynaCrataegus monogynaCrataegus azarolust0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise4other - Second interactor
- Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureuse4other - Outcome
- antimicrobial activitye4
- Qualifier
- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureuse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Crataegus azarolus and Crataegus monogyna”
e4“In the case of antimicrobial activity, the twigs of both species (especially C. azarolus) have a capacity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus”
Claim · model-written summary
Twigs of both species showed low antimicrobial activity.
- Taxon
- Crataegus azarolus and Crataegus monogynaCrataegus monogynaCrataegus azarolust0
- Outcome
- antimicrobial activitye1
- Direction
- lowe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Crataegus azarolus and Crataegus monogyna”
e1“they showed low antimicrobial activity”