Abstract
The variation in xylem properties may reflect the ecological functional strategies of each species. In this study, we evaluated the anatomical characteristics and quantified the chemical, physical, and mechanical traits of the wood of Simarouba amara (marupá), Scleronema micranthum (cardeiro), and Manilkara huberi (maçaranduba), species belonging to different ecological groups, using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The samples were collected from a terra-firme forest in Amazonas/Brazil, and 10 cm thick discs were extracted from the tree trunks at breast height. The samples were prepared to obtain transverse, radial, and tangential NIR spectra. The wood of Simarouba amara (low density) presented an anatomical profile with vessels measuring 253 ± 23 µm in diameter, a frequency of 3.65 ± 1.22 vessels/mm 2 , a low extractive content (1.98 ± 0.55%), and a low modulus of elasticity. In contrast, M. huberi (high density) exhibited the opposite profile, characterized by a high vessel frequency (13.32 ± 0.34 vessels/mm 2 ), relatively small vessel diameters (99 ± 2 µm), high extractive content, and high modulus of elasticity and modulus rupture. The wood of Scleronema micranthum was notable for its higher content of polyphenols (11.83 ± 2.51%), holocellulose (59.12 ± 2.69%), and a medium density (0.65 ± 0.04 g/cm 3 ). The results of the wood characteristics assessed in this study reinforce the reliability of NIR spectroscopy as a robust tool for estimating the traits of different ecological groups of tropical species.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Simarouba amara had vessels measuring
- Taxon
- Simarouba amara
Simarouba amarae0 - Organ / stage
- woode0
- Outcome
- vessels measuringe0
- Value
- 253 ± 23 µme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The wood of Simarouba amara (low density) presented an anatomical profile with vessels measuring 253 ± 23 µm in diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Simarouba amara had frequency
- Taxon
- Simarouba amaraSimarouba amarae1
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Value
- 3.65 ± 1.22 vessels/mm 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a frequency of 3.65 ± 1.22 vessels/mm 2”
e1“Simarouba amara (marupá), Scleronema micranthum (cardeiro), and Manilkara huberi (maçaranduba)”
Claim · model-written summary
Simarouba amara had extractive content
- Taxon
- Simarouba amaraSimarouba amarae1
- Outcome
- extractive contente0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 1.98 ± 0.55%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a low extractive content (1.98 ± 0.55%)”
e1“Simarouba amara (marupá), Scleronema micranthum (cardeiro), and Manilkara huberi (maçaranduba)”
Claim · model-written summary
Simarouba amara had modulus of elasticity
- Taxon
- Simarouba amaraSimarouba amarae1
- Outcome
- modulus of elasticitye0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a low modulus of elasticity”
e1“Simarouba amara (marupá), Scleronema micranthum (cardeiro), and Manilkara huberi (maçaranduba)”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huberi had vessel frequency
- Taxon
- M. huberi
Manilkara huberie2 - Outcome
- vessel frequencye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 13.32 ± 0.34 vessels/mm 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a high vessel frequency (13.32 ± 0.34 vessels/mm 2 )”
e2“M. huberi (high density) exhibited the opposite profile”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huberi had vessel diameters
- Taxon
- M. huberiManilkara huberie2
- Outcome
- vessel diameterse0
- Direction
- relatively smalle0
- Value
- 99 ± 2 µme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relatively small vessel diameters (99 ± 2 µm)”
e2“M. huberi (high density) exhibited the opposite profile”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huberi had extractive content
- Taxon
- M. huberiManilkara huberie2
- Outcome
- extractive contente0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high extractive content”
e2“M. huberi (high density) exhibited the opposite profile”
Claim · model-written summary
M. huberi had modulus of elasticity and modulus rupture
- Taxon
- M. huberiManilkara huberie2
- Outcome
- modulus of elasticity and modulus rupturee0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high modulus of elasticity and modulus rupture”
e2“M. huberi (high density) exhibited the opposite profile”
Claim · model-written summary
Scleronema micranthum had content of polyphenols
- Taxon
- Scleronema micranthumScleronema micranthume0
- Outcome
- content of polyphenolse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 11.83 ± 2.51%e0
Verbatim
e0“The wood of Scleronema micranthum was notable for its higher content of polyphenols (11.83 ± 2.51%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Scleronema micranthum had holocellulose
- Taxon
- Scleronema micranthumScleronema micranthume1
- Outcome
- holocellulosee0
- Value
- 59.12 ± 2.69%e0
Verbatim
e0“holocellulose (59.12 ± 2.69%)”
e1“Simarouba amara (marupá), Scleronema micranthum (cardeiro), and Manilkara huberi (maçaranduba)”
Claim · model-written summary
Scleronema micranthum had density
- Taxon
- Scleronema micranthumScleronema micranthume1
- Outcome
- densitye0
- Direction
- mediume0
- Value
- 0.65 ± 0.04 g/cm 3e0
Verbatim
e0“a medium density (0.65 ± 0.04 g/cm 3 )”
e1“Simarouba amara (marupá), Scleronema micranthum (cardeiro), and Manilkara huberi (maçaranduba)”