Abstract
Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer sustainable means to enhance crop resilience under environmental stress, including heavy metal toxicity. Understanding their role in mitigating such stresses is vital for advancing biotechnological strategies aimed at food security and sustainable agriculture. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of single and/or combined application of different levels [10 and 20 ppm] of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens on Cd accumulation, morpho-physio-biochemical attributes of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]. The research outcomes indicated that elevated levels of Cd stress in the soil significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributes. However, Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which also induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and also the gene expression and sugar content. Furthermore, a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in proline metabolism, the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle were observed. Although, the application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescens showed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds, and their gene expression and also decreased oxidative stress. In addition, the application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescens enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased the proline metabolism and AsA–GSH cycle in O . sativa plants. Research findings, therefore, suggest that the application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescens can ameliorate Cd toxicity in O . sativa , resulting in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress, as depicted by balanced antioxidant defense mechanism. Graphical Abstract
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated Cd stress in soil significantly decreased rice growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange attributes.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- elevated levels of Cd stress in the soile1
- Outcome
- plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- without Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]”
e1“elevated levels of Cd stress in the soil significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress induced oxidative stress in rice, indicated by increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse2
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Comparator
- without Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]”
e2“Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress increased the compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse2
- Outcome
- compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidantse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- without Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]”
e2“Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )”
e3“which also induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and also the gene expression and sugar content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress increased gene expression and sugar content in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse2
- Outcome
- the gene expression and sugar contente3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- without Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]”
e2“Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )”
e3“which also induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and also the gene expression and sugar content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress significantly increased proline metabolism and the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse2
- Outcome
- proline metabolism, the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cyclee4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Comparator
- without Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]”
e2“Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )”
e4“a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in proline metabolism, the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of S. marcescens and P. fluorescens increased rice plant growth and biomass and gas exchange characteristics under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescense5
- Interactor
- Serratia marcescens
Serratia marcescense6symbiont - Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense6symbiont - Outcome
- plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristicse5
- Direction
- increasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]”
e5“the application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescens showed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds, and their gene expression and also decreased oxidative stress”
e6“single and/or combined application of different levels [10 and 20 ppm] of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of S. marcescens and P. fluorescens increased rice enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds and their gene expression.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescense5
- Interactor
- Serratia marcescensSerratia marcescense6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense6symbiont
- Outcome
- enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds, and their gene expressione5
- Direction
- increasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]”
e5“the application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescens showed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds, and their gene expression and also decreased oxidative stress”
e6“single and/or combined application of different levels [10 and 20 ppm] of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of S. marcescens and P. fluorescens decreased oxidative stress in rice under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescense5
- Interactor
- Serratia marcescensSerratia marcescense6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense6symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) exposed to severe Cd stress [0 (without Cd stress), and 100 µM)]”
e5“the application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescens showed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds, and their gene expression and also decreased oxidative stress”
e6“single and/or combined application of different levels [10 and 20 ppm] of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of S. marcescens and P. fluorescens decreased proline metabolism and the AsA–GSH cycle in rice.
- Taxon
- O . sativaOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescense7
- Interactor
- Serratia marcescensSerratia marcescense6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense6symbiont
- Outcome
- proline metabolism and AsA–GSH cyclee7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“single and/or combined application of different levels [10 and 20 ppm] of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens”
e7“the application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescens enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased the proline metabolism and AsA–GSH cycle in O . sativa plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of S. marcescens and P. fluorescens enhanced cellular fractionation in rice.
- Taxon
- O . sativaOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescense7
- Interactor
- Serratia marcescensSerratia marcescense6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense6symbiont
- Outcome
- cellular fractionatione7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“single and/or combined application of different levels [10 and 20 ppm] of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens”
e7“the application of S . marcescens and P . fluorescens enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased the proline metabolism and AsA–GSH cycle in O . sativa plants”
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