Abstract
Introduction: Side deep fertilization (SDF) technology and slow release N fertilizer offer advantages in enhancing rice yield and N use efficiency. However, the effects of side deep application of slow-release N as base fertilizer, combined with the application of urea at different growth stages, on dry matter accumulation, N uptake, translocation, assimilation, and yield formation in rice remain unclear. Methods: Therefore, in 2023 and 2024, a field experiment was conducted in Sichuan, China, using the local variety Chuankangyou 6308. Seven N treatments were established: no N (0N), conventional fertilization control (CK), 100% urea side deep placement (DU), 100% slow-release N fertilizer side deep placement (DSU), and DSU combined with 30% urea applied as basal fertilizer (DSU+U), tillering fertilizer (DSU+TU), or panicle fertilizer (DSU+PU). Results: The results showed that compared with CK, slow-release N fertilizer treatments significantly increased yield by 10.04%~23.28%, with DSU+PU having the highest yield, due to a higher number of effective panicles and seed-setting rate. DSU+PU is beneficial for increasing SPAD value and plant height, significantly increased total dry matter and N accumulation by 24.36% and 34.76%, respectively. The contribution rates of stem and leaf dry matter and N to yield increased by 9.67% and 4.40%, as well as 6.63% and 7.27%, respectively. Nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities significantly increased by 4.88% and 6.86%, respectively. Notably, DSU+PU significantly improved N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N fertilizer partial factor productivity (NPFP) by 89.00% and 23.27%, respectively. Meanwhile, DSU+PU reduced one fertilization application compared with CK and lowered N fertilizer costs compared with DSU. Discussion: In conclusion, side deep placement of slow-release N as base fertilizer combined with urea as panicle fertilizer can delay leaf senescence, increase plant height and N metabolism enzyme activity, optimize dry matter and N accumulation and distribution, and significantly increase yield, and N use efficiency. It provides a solution for developing a simplified and efficient rice fertilization technology system based on the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Slow-release nitrogen treatments raised yield by 10.04%~23.28% versus conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- slow-release N fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.04%~23.28%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with CK, slow-release N fertilizer treatments significantly increased yield by 10.04%~23.28%”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU had the highest rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with DSU+PU having the highest yield, due to a higher number of effective panicles and seed-setting rate.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU increased effective panicles and seed setting rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe1
- Outcome
- number of effective panicles and seed-setting ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“due to a higher number of effective panicles and seed-setting rate.”
t0“rice”
e1“DSU+PU having the highest yield”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU increased SPAD value and plant height.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe0
- Outcome
- SPAD value and plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DSU+PU is beneficial for increasing SPAD value and plant height”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU increased total dry matter accumulation by 24.36%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly increased total dry matter and N accumulation by 24.36% and 34.76%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
e1“DSU+PU is beneficial”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU increased nitrogen accumulation by 34.76%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly increased total dry matter and N accumulation by 24.36% and 34.76%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
e1“DSU+PU is beneficial”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem and leaf dry matter contribution rates to yield increased by 9.67% and 4.40%, respectively.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe1
- Outcome
- contribution rates of stem and leaf dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.67% and 4.40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contribution rates of stem and leaf dry matter and N to yield increased by 9.67% and 4.40%, as well as 6.63% and 7.27%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
e1“DSU+PU is beneficial”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem and leaf nitrogen contribution rates to yield increased by 6.63% and 7.27%, respectively.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe1
- Outcome
- contribution rates of stem and leaf dry matter and N to yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.63% and 7.27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contribution rates of stem and leaf dry matter and N to yield increased by 9.67% and 4.40%, as well as 6.63% and 7.27%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
e1“DSU+PU is beneficial”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reductase activity increased by 4.88%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe1
- Gene
- Nitrate reductase (NR)e0
- Outcome
- Nitrate reductase (NR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities significantly increased by 4.88% and 6.86%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
e1“DSU+PU is beneficial”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutamine synthetase activity increased by 6.86%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe1
- Gene
- glutamine synthetase (GS)e0
- Outcome
- glutamine synthetase (GS) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities significantly increased by 4.88% and 6.86%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
e1“DSU+PU is beneficial”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 89.00%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe0
- Outcome
- N agronomic efficiency (NAE)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 89.00%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DSU+PU significantly improved N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N fertilizer partial factor productivity (NPFP) by 89.00% and 23.27%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU increased nitrogen fertilizer partial factor productivity by 23.27%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe0
- Outcome
- N fertilizer partial factor productivity (NPFP)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 23.27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DSU+PU significantly improved N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N fertilizer partial factor productivity (NPFP) by 89.00% and 23.27%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU required one fewer fertilization application than CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe0
- Outcome
- fertilization applicatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- onee0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DSU+PU reduced one fertilization application compared with CK”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
DSU+PU lowered fertilizer costs relative to DSU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSU+PUe1
- Outcome
- N fertilizer costse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- DSUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowered N fertilizer costs compared with DSU.”
t0“rice”
e1“DSU+PU reduced one fertilization application”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude the combined placement can delay leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- side deep placement of slow-release N as base fertilizer combined with urea as panicle fertilizere0
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee0
- Direction
- delaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“side deep placement of slow-release N as base fertilizer combined with urea as panicle fertilizer can delay leaf senescence”
t0“rice”
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