Abstract
This experiment explored the effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield and various population characteristics. Based on a study of the nitrogen (N) release characteristics of these fertilizers, pot experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 with split fertilization (CK, urea applied split equally at basal and panicle initiation stages, respectively) as control, which assessed the effects on SPAD value, yield and yield components, dynamic changes of rice tillers and dry matter accumulation. The results showed that the N release characteristics of different types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers were significantly different. Polymer-coated urea (PCU) showed a controlled-release mode and provided sustained release throughout the whole growth stages. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) exhibited a slow-release mode, providing insufficient release at the middle and late stages. Urease inhibitor urea (AHA) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) yielded a rapid-release mode, with an explosive N release at the early stage and no release at the middle and late stages. These results showed that PCU delayed the peak seedling stage. Compared with CK, dry matter accumulation and SPAD showed no significant differences, and due to the continuous release of N throughout the growth stages, rice yield, spikelets per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1 000-grain weight were all increased. Owing to the lack of N supply at the late stage and the low number of spikelets, SCU led to a reduction of rice yield, which is nevertheless not statistically significant. AHA and UF were susceptible to environmental factors and had varying effects on rice yield. The results of this experiment indicated that given a fixed amount of N applied in a pot, the stronger the N supply capacity and the longer the effective duration time of the fertilizer, the higher the dry matter accumulation at the late growth stage, and the higher the rice yield.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The N release characteristics of the slow- and controlled-release fertilizer types differed significantly.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- different types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- N release characteristicse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e1“The results showed that the N release characteristics of different types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers were significantly different”
Claim · model-written summary
Polymer-coated urea (PCU) gave a controlled-release mode with sustained N release through the whole growth stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Polymer-coated urea (PCU)e2
- Outcome
- controlled-release modee2
- Qualifier
- throughout the whole growth stagese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e2“Polymer-coated urea (PCU) showed a controlled-release mode and provided sustained release throughout the whole growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) gave a slow-release mode with insufficient release at the middle and late stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Sulfur-coated urea (SCU)e3
- Outcome
- slow-release modee3
- Qualifier
- insufficient release at the middle and late stagese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e3“Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) exhibited a slow-release mode, providing insufficient release at the middle and late stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Urease inhibitor urea (AHA) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) gave a rapid-release mode with explosive N release early and no release at the middle and late stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Urease inhibitor urea (AHA) and urea-formaldehyde (UF)e4
- Outcome
- rapid-release modee4
- Qualifier
- explosive N release at the early stage and no release at the middle and late stagese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e4“Urease inhibitor urea (AHA) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) yielded a rapid-release mode, with an explosive N release at the early stage and no release at the middle and late stages”
Claim · model-written summary
PCU delayed the peak seedling stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PCUe5
- Outcome
- peak seedling stagee5
- Direction
- delayede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e5“These results showed that PCU delayed the peak seedling stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CK, slow- and controlled-release fertilizers did not change dry matter accumulation or SPAD.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation and SPADe6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
- Comparator
- CKe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e6“Compared with CK, dry matter accumulation and SPAD showed no significant differences”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CK, slow- and controlled-release fertilizers increased rice yield, spikelets per panicle and seed setting rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- rice yield, spikelets per panicle, seed setting ratee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- CKe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e6“Compared with CK, dry matter accumulation and SPAD showed no significant differences”
e7“due to the continuous release of N throughout the growth stages, rice yield, spikelets per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1 000-grain weight were all increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with CK, slow- and controlled-release fertilizers increased 1000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- 1 000-grain weighte7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- CKe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e6“Compared with CK, dry matter accumulation and SPAD showed no significant differences”
e7“due to the continuous release of N throughout the growth stages, rice yield, spikelets per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1 000-grain weight were all increased”
Claim · model-written summary
SCU reduced rice yield, though not significantly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SCUe2
- Outcome
- rice yielde2
- Direction
- reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e2“SCU led to a reduction of rice yield, which is nevertheless not statistically significant”
Claim · model-written summary
AHA and UF were susceptible to environmental factors and had varying effects on rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AHA and UFe2
- Outcome
- rice yielde2
- Qualifier
- susceptible to environmental factorse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e2“AHA and UF were susceptible to environmental factors and had varying effects on rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
A stronger and longer-lasting N supply from the fertilizer is associated with higher dry matter accumulation at the late growth stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N supply capacitye2
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation at the late growth stagee2
- Direction
- highere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e2“the stronger the N supply capacity and the longer the effective duration time of the fertilizer, the higher the dry matter accumulation at the late growth stage, and the higher the rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
A stronger and longer-lasting N supply from the fertilizer is associated with higher rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N supply capacitye2
- Outcome
- rice yielde2
- Direction
- highere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of single application of seven types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield”
e2“the stronger the N supply capacity and the longer the effective duration time of the fertilizer, the higher the dry matter accumulation at the late growth stage, and the higher the rice yield”
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